liv NOTES. 



of Calabria, see Lyell, Principles of Geology, vol. i. p. 484491. On escape 

 with life in fissures in the great earthquake of Riobamba, see my Relation hist. 

 t. ii. p. 642. As a remarkable instance of the closing of a fissure, it is related 

 by Scacchi that, in the earthquake which took place in the summer of 1851 in 

 the Neapolitan province Basilicata, at Barile near Melfi, a hen was found caught 

 by her two feet in the pavement of the street. 



( 244 ) p. 174. Kosmos, Bd. i. S. 212 (English edition, p. 192). Hopkins 

 has shown theoretically, with great justness, how fissures produced in earth- 

 quakes may prove exceedingly instructive in reference to the formation of dykes 

 and the phenomena of faults, inasmuch as tbe later formed displaces the older 

 formation. Long, however, before the valuable labours of Phillips, Werner, in his 

 Theory of Veins (1791), had shown the relations of precedence in age between 

 the displacing traversing dyke and that which is displaced and traversed: com- 

 pare Report of Brit. Assoc. Meeting at Oxford, 1847, p. 62. 



( 245 ) p. 175. On the simultaneous agitation of the tertiary calcareous strata 

 at Cumana and Maniquarez since the great earthquake of Cumana, 14th De- 

 cember, 1796, compare Humboldt, Relation hist. t. i. p. 314; Kosmos, Bd. i. 

 S. 220 (English edition, p. 200); and Mallet, Meeting of the Brit. Assoc., 1850, 

 p. 28. 



( 246 ) p. 175. Abich on Daghestan, Schagdagh, and Ghilan, in PoggendorfTs 

 Ann. Bd. Ixxvi. 1849, S. 157. In consequence of the wide-spreading earth- 

 quake of 29th July, 1846, the centre of commotion of which is supposed to have 

 been about St. Goar on the Rhine, the salt-spring, in a boring at Sassendorff 

 in Westphalia (Regier. Bezirk Arnsberg), was found, by careful analysis, to have 

 increased its saline contents 1| per cent., probably through the opening of fresh 

 channels of influx (Noggerath, das Erdbeben im Rheingebiete, vom 29. Juli, 

 1846, S. 14). In the Swiss earthquake of the 25th of August, 1851, Charpen- 

 tier has remarked that the temperature of tbe sulphurous spring of Lavey (above 

 St. Maurice on the Rhone) rose from 31 to 36'3 cent. 



( 247 ) p. 176. At Schemacha, at an elevation of 2245 French feet, one of 

 the many meteorological stations which were established under Abich's direction 

 by Prince Woronzow in the Caucasus, eighteen earthquakes have been recorded 

 by the observer in the year 1848 only. 



( M ) p. 176. See my Asie Centrale, t. i.pp. 324329, and t. ii. pp. 108 

 120; and in particular my Carte des Montagnes et Volcans de 1'Asie, compared 

 with the geological maps of the Caucasus and of the highlands of Armenia, by 

 Abich, as well as with the Map of Asia Minor, by Pierre Tschichatschef, 1 853 

 (Rose, Reise nach dem Ural, Altai und Kasp. Meere, Bd. ii. S. 576 und 597). " Du 

 Tourfan, situe sur la pente me'ridionale du Thian-chan, jusqu'a 1'Archipel des 



