NOTES. llX 



sandy island or on the shore, may be endangered by the rapid rising of the river, 

 some importance attaches to an indication which may afford a warning. [The 

 author then remarks that, throughout his work of the Kosmos, he always uses 

 the Centigrade scale where the contrary is not expressly stated. In this trans- 

 lation, both in the present and preceding volumes, the temperatures (where 

 nothing is expressly stated to the contrary) have always been converted from the 

 Centigrade into Fahrenheit's scale.] 



(- 57 ) p. 186. Von Buch, Physicalische Beschreibung der Canarischen 

 Inseln, S. 8; Poggendorff's Annalen, Bd. xii. S. 403; Bibliotheque Britannique, 

 Sciences et Arts, t. xix. 1802, p. 263; Wahlenberg, De Veget. et Clim. in Hel- 

 vetia Septentrional! observatis, p. Ixxviii. and Ixxxiv.; the same, Flora Carpa- 

 thica, p. xciv.: and in Gilbert's Annalen, Bd. xli. S. 115; Humboldt in the 

 Mem. de la Soc. d'Arcueil, t. iii. 1817, p. 599. 



( 258 ) p. 187. De Gasparin in the Bibliotheque Univ., Sciences et Arts, 

 t.xxxviii. 1828, pp. 54, 113, and 264; Me'in. de la Soc. Centrale d'Agriculture, 

 1826, p. 178; Schouw, Tableau du Climat et de la Vege'tation de 1'Italie, vol. i. 

 1839, pp. 133195 ; Thurmann sur la Tempe'rature des Sources de la Chaine da 

 Jura, compare'e a celle des Sources de la Plaine Suisse, des Alpes, et des Vosges, 

 in the Annuaire Me'te'orologique de la France pour 1850,' pp. 258 268. De 

 Gasparin divides Europe, in respect to the frequency of summer and autumn 

 rains, into two contrasted regions. A rich collection of materials is contained in 

 Kamtz's Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, Bd. i. S. 448506. According to Dove 

 (in Poggend. Ann., Bd. xxxv. S. 376), in Italy, " at places having a chain of 

 mountains to the North, the maxima of the monthly quantities of rain fall in 

 March and November; and where the mountains are to the South, in April and 

 October." The totality of the relations in respect of rain in the temperate zone, 

 as far as they can be comprised in one general view, may be stated thus : " The 

 winter rainy season, at the borders of the tropics, divides, as we recede from 

 them, more and more into two maxima connected by slighter falls of rain ; in 

 Germany, these two have become reunited in a summer maximum, and there 

 remains no trace of a dry or rainless season." Compare the section " Geother- 

 mik" in the excellent "Lehrbuch der Geognosie" of Naumann, Bd. i. (1850) 

 S. 4173. 



( 259 ) p. 187. Compare present volume, p. 45 (English edition, p. 45). 



C 280 ) p. 189. Compare Kosmos, Bd. i. S. 182 and 427, Anm. 9 (English 

 edition, p. 165 and Note 139); and present volume, p. 40 and Note 41 (English 

 edition, p. 41 and Note 41). 



C 261 ) p. 190. Present volume, p. 37 (English edition, p. 37). 



