NOTES. Ixvii 



is referred to by Klausen. From the conjunction of Typhon and Caucasus, and 

 from the express testimony of Pherecydes of Syros (in the fifty-eighth Olympiad) 

 it is clear that the eastern end of the world was supposed to be a volcanic moun- 

 tain. According to one of the Scholia to Apollonius (Scholia in Apoll. Rhod. 

 ed. Schgefferi, 1813, v. 1210, p. 524), Pherecydes said in the Theogony, "that 

 Typhon, being pursued, fled to Caucasus, and that there the mountain became 

 on fire, and that from thence he fled to Italy, where the island of Pithecusa was 

 thrown round him." Pithecusa is J^naria (now Ischia), in which island Mount 

 Epomeus (Epopon) emitted fire and lava, according to Julius Obsequens, ninety- 

 five years before our era; again, under Titus; again, under Diocletian; and 

 lastly, according to an exact account by Tolomeo Fiadoni of Lucca, at that time 

 prior of Santa Maria Novella, in 1302. Bb'ckh, who has so profound a know- 

 ledge of antiquity, said in a letter to me, " It is curious that Pherecydes should 

 make Typhon fly from Caucasus because it was on fire, he being himself the 

 author of the fire; but that his residence in the Caucasus was based on volcanic 

 eruptions believed to have taken place there, seems to me also undeniable." 

 Apollonius of Rhodes, where he speaks of the birth of the Colchian dragon 

 (Apollon. Rhod. Argon, lib. ii. v. 1212 1217, ed. Beck.), removes to the 

 Caucasus the " rock of Typhon," on which he was struck by the thunderbolt of 

 Zeus. Admitting the lava- streams and crater-lakes of the highland of Kely, 

 the eruptions of Ararat and Elburuz, and the streams of obsidian and lava from 

 the old craters of Riotandagh, to belong to pre-historic times; yet the numerous 

 cases of flames still breaking forth in the Caucasus, on mountains seven or eight 

 thousand feet high, as well as from fissures in wide plains, may well have 

 furnished ground enough for the whole Caucasian mountain- territory being 

 regarded as a " Typhonic seat of fire." 



( 286 ) p. 208. Humboldt, Asie Centrale, t. ii. p. 511 and 513. I had 

 already remarked (t. ii. p. 201) that Edrisi does not mention the fire of Baku, 

 although 200 years before, in the tenth century, Massudi Cothbeddin had de- 

 scribed the country at length as a " Nefala-land," i e. rich in burning naphtha- 

 springs. (Compare Frahn, Ibn Fozlan, p. 245. and On the Etymology of the 

 Median word Naphtha, Asiat. Journal, vol. xiii. p. 124.) 



( 287 ) p. 209. Compare Moritz von Engelhardfc and Fried. Parrot, Reise in 

 die Krym und den Kaukasus, 1815, Th. I. S. 71, with Gobel, Reise in die 

 Steppen des sudlichen Russland's, 1838, Th. I. S. 249253; Th. II. S. 

 138144. 



( 28S ) p. 210. Payen, De FAcide borique des Suffioni de la Toscane, in the 

 Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 3 e se'rie, t. i. 1841, p. 247 255; Bischof, 

 Chem. und physik. Geologic, Bd. i. S. 669 691 ; Etablissements industries de 

 1'Acide boracique en Toscane, par le Comte de Larderel, p. 8. 



