Ixxvi NOTES. 



varied volcanic activity, " craters without cones, as it were, flat volcanoes," are 

 found (Junghuhn, Java, seine Gestalt und Pflanzendecke, Lief. vii. S. 640) 

 between Gunung Salak and Perwakti, " as explosion-craters," analogous to 

 Maars. Without any encircling ridge, they are partly situated in entirely flat 

 parts among the mountains ; they have scattered around themselves angular 

 fragments of the rocky strata which have been exploded, and they now emit only 

 vapours and gases. 



( 321 ) p. 237. Humboldt, Umrisse von Vulkanen der Cordilleren von Quito 

 und Mexico, a contribution to the Physiognomy of Nature, Plate IV. (Kleinere 

 Schriften, Bd. i. S. 133205.) 



C 322 ) p. 237. Umrisse von Vulkanen, Plate VI. 



C 52 *) p. 237. The same, Plate VIII. (Kleinere Schriften, Bd. i.' & ,463 

 467. On the topographical situation of Popocatepetl (" Smoking Mountain " in 

 the Aztec language), in reference to that of the neighbouring "White Woman" 

 (Iztaccihuatl), and its geographical position relatively to the Lake of Tezcuco 

 on the west, and the Pyramid of Cholula on the east, see my Atlas ge'ogr. et 

 phys. de la Nouvelle Espagne, PL III. 



( 3M ) p. 237. Umrisse von Vulkanen, Plate IX.; the Star-Mount, in Aztec 

 language Citlaltepetl; Kleinere Schriften, Bd. i. S. 467 470, and my Atlas 

 ge'ogr. et phys. de la Nouv. Espagne, PI. XVII. 



( 325 ) p. 237. Umrisse von Vulk. PI. II. 



( 326 ) p. 237. Humboldt, Vues des Cordilleres et Monuments des Peuples 

 indigenes de I'Ame'rique (fol.), PI. LXII. 



( M7 ) p. 237. Umrisse von Vulk. PI. I. and X. Kleinere Schriften, Bd. i. 

 S. 199. 



C 328 ) ^>. 238. Umrisse von Vulk. PI. IV. 



C 820 ) p. 238. The same, PI. III. and VII. 



( 33 ) p. 238. Long before the arrival of Bouguer and La Condamine (in 

 1736) in the high plain of Quito, long, therefore, before scientific measurements 

 of the heights of mountains, the natives knew that Chimborazo exceeded in 

 height all the other snow-clad mountains of the region. They had recognised 

 two lines of level which remain nearly constant throughout the year: one, the 

 the lower line of perpetual snow; and the other, the line to which a single casual 

 fall of snow descends. Inasmuch as in the equatorial region of Quito, as I have 

 elsewhere shown by measurements (Asie centrale, t. iii. p. 255), the snow-line, 

 on six of the highest of these mountain-giants, only varies about 200 feet ; and 

 as this variation, as well as the lesser ones produced by local circumstances, is 

 scarcely perceptible to the naked eye at so great a distance (the height of the 

 snow-line under the equator is equal to the height of Mont Blanc), the result is 



