NOTES. Ixxxvii 



distinctly characterised. To the Spanish astronomers this voice appeared par- 

 ticularly hoarse, and they, therefore, called it a snore (un ronquido), rather than 

 a roar (bramido). The mysterious noise of the volcano Pichincha, which I 

 heard several times at night at Quito without its being followed by any earth- 

 quake, has something clear and ringing, as if chains were made to rattle, or as 

 if masses of glass fell upon each other. Wisse describes the noise of Sangay, 

 when at the mountain itself, as sometimes like rolling thunder, and sometimes 

 detached and sharp, as if one was in the midst of near platoon firing. From the 

 top of Sangay to Payta and San Buenaventura in Choco, where the bramidos of 

 Sangay are heard, the distances, in a south-west direction, are respectively 252 

 and 348 geographical miles. (Compare Carte de la Prov. de Choco, and Carte 

 hypsome'trique des Cordilleres, No. 23 and 3 of my Atlas ge'ogr. et phys.) 

 Thus in these regions of wild grandeur, including Tungurahua and Cotopaxi, 

 whose loud noise was heard by me from the Pacific in February 1803 (Kleinere 

 Schriften, Bd. i. S. 384), the voices of four volcanoes may be heard from places 

 but little distant from each other. The ancients speak of the difference of the 

 noise heard in the ^Eolian islands from the same fiery orifice at different times. 

 (Strabo, lib. vi. p. 276.) In the great eruption (January 23, 1835) of the 

 volcano of Conseguina, situated on the shore of the Pacific, at the entrance of 

 the Gulf of Fonseca, in Central America, the subterranean propagation of sound 

 was such that the noise was heard distinctly on the high plain of Bogota: a dis- 

 tance like that of Etna from Hamburg. (Acosta, in the Viajes cientificos de M. 

 Boussingault a los Andes, 1849, p. 56.) 



884 ) p. 258. Kosmos, Bd. iv. S. 230 (English edition, p. 182). 

 (s 85 ) p. 260. Compare Strabo, lib. v. p. 248, Casaub., e%6t Koi\ias Tivds, 

 and lib. vi. p. 276. The geographer of A masia expresses himself, with much 

 geological sagacity, on two different kinds of origin in islands (vi. p. 258): 

 " Some islands (naming them) are fragments of the main land ; others pertain 

 more to the sea; for these latter islands of the high seas (lying far out at sea) 

 were probably raised up from the deep ; whereas those lying off promontories, 

 and separated only by a narrow strait, may more reasonably be supposed to have 

 been torn off from the mainland." (This is from Groskurd's German version.) 

 The small group of the Pithecusaj consisted of Ischia, probably originally called 

 JSnaria, and Procida (Prochyta). Why this group should have been supposed 

 to have had apes in it in ancient times, and should have been named from this 

 supposition by the Greeks and the Italian Tyrrhenians Etruscans therefore 

 (Strabo, lib. xiii. p. 626 : apes in Tyrrhenian were &pi/j.oi'), remains very obscure, 

 and may perhaps have been connected with the fable of the former inhabitants 

 having been changed into apes by Jupiter. The word &pi/j.oi, for apes, recalls 



