Ixxxviii NOTES. 



the Arimse of Homer, II. ii. 783, and of Hesiod, Theog. v. 301. The words fii> 

 api/j-ois, of Homer, are, in some codices, contracted into one, and it is thus we 

 find the word in Koman writers (Virg. JEn. ix. 716; Ovid. Metam. xiv. 88). 

 Plinius (Hist. nat. iii. 5) even says positively: "JSnaria, Homero Inarime dicta, 



Gra3cis Pithecusa " The Homeric land of the Arimes, where Typhon 



lay, was looked for, in antiquity itself, in Cilicia, Mysia, Lydia, in the volcanic 

 Pithecusse, in the crater Puteolanus, and in the Phrygian Burnt Land (under 

 which Typhon once lay), and even in the Katakekaumene. That apes should 

 have lived in Ischia, so far from the African coast, within historic times, seems 

 the more improbable, because, as I have elsewhere remarked, it is not even 

 proved that apes lived in ancient times on the rock of Gibraltar; for Edrisi (in 

 the twelfth century), and other Arabian geographers who have described the 

 Straits of Hercules so circumstantially, do not mention them. Also Pliny denies 

 the apes in -3naria, but deduces the name of the PithecusaB, in the most impro- 

 bable manner, from iridos, dolium (a figlinis doliorum). Bockh says: "It 

 seems to me that the principal thing in this inquiry is that Inarima is a name 

 of the Pithecusse, which has arisen out of learned interpretations and ficuon, as 

 Corcyra would in this way become Scheria; and that ^Eneas was first connected 

 with the Pithecusse (jEnese insulse) by the Eomans, who found their ancestor 

 everywhere in these regions. Naevius also seems to bear witness to this connec- 

 tion with tineas in the first book of the Punic War." 



(* 6 ) p. 260. Pind. Pyth. i. 31. Compare Strabo, v. p. 245 and 248, xiii. 

 p. 627. We have already remarked (p. 207, Note 285) that Typhon fled from 

 the Caucasus to Lower Italy : as if the myth indicated that the volcanic erup- 

 tions in the latter country were less old than in the Caucasian isthmus. The 

 consideration of popular myths cannot be separated from the geography and the 

 history of volcanoes. They often throw light reciprocally upon each other. What 

 would be regarded as the most powerful of the moving forces on the surface of 

 the Earth (Aristot. Meteorol. ii. 8, 3), the wind, the enclosed pneuma, would 

 be recognised as the general cause of volcanic action (fire-emitting mountains 

 and earthquakes). Aristotle's consideration of nature was founded on the reci- 

 procal action of the external and internal subterranean air, on a theory of exha- 

 lation, on differences of heat and cold, of moist and dry. (Aristot. Meteor, ii. 

 8, 1, 25, 31, and ii. 9, 2.) The greater the mass of the winds enclosed in 

 subterranean and submarine hollow passages, and the more they are hindered 

 from irioving rapidly and far according to their natural inherent property, the 

 more violent will be the eruptions. " Vis fera ventorum, csecis inclusa cavernis." 

 (Ovid. Metam. xv. 299.) Between the " pneuma " and the " fire " there is a 

 peculiar relation. (Tb irvp OTCLV /*erct Trveu/iaros 77, yivtrcu 



