CXXX NOTES. 



openings below and above the surface of the sea (sab-marine and sub-aerial) would 

 be estimated at upwards of a thousand (p. 17 and 24). 



C 509 ) p. 374. Compare, in present volume, p. 247 and Note 359. 



( S1 ) p. 375. Dana, Geology of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, p. 208 

 and 210. 



( 5U ) p. 375. Dana, p. 193 and 201. The absence of cones of cinders or 

 ashes is also very remarkable in the Volcanoes of the Eifel which have poured 

 forth streams of lava. That the summit crater of Mouna Loa can send forth 

 eruptions of ashes, is proved by the well-assured accounts which the Missionary 

 Dibble received from the lips of eye-witnesses, and according to which, in the 

 wars of Kamehameha against the insurgents in 1789, an eruption of hot ashes, 

 accompanied by an earthquake, spread a darkness like that of night over the 

 country, (p. 183.) On the volcanic-glass threads (hair of the goddess Pele, who 

 was supposed, before her settlement in Hawaii, to have inhabited the now ex- 

 tinct Volcano Hale-a-kala, the " sun-house," in the Island of Maui), see p. 179 

 and 199200. 



( s12 ) p. 375. Dana, p. 205 : " The term Solfatara is wholly misapplied. 

 A Solfatara is an area with steaming fissures and escaping sulphur vapours, and 

 without proper lava ejections; while Kilauea is a vast crater with extensive 

 lava ejections and no sulphur, except that of the sulphur banks, beyond what 

 necessarily accompanies, as at Vesuvius, violent volcanic action." The frame 

 work of Kilauea, the body of the great basin which contains the lava, also by 

 no means consists of strata of ashes or fragmentary rocks, but of horizontal beds 

 of lava superposed like limestone. Dana, p. 193. (Compare Strzelecki, Phys. 

 Descr. of New South Wales, 1845, p. 105111.) 



( 513 ) p. 376. This remarkable sinking of the surface-level of the lava has 

 been confirmed by the experience of numerous travellers, from Ellis Stewart and 

 Douglas to the meritorious Count Strzelecki, Wilkes's Expedition, and the atten- 

 tively observing Missionary Coan. At the great eruption of June 1840, the 

 connection of the rising of the lava in the basin of Kilauea with the sudden in- 

 flammation of the much lower situated crater Arare, was most decided. The 

 disappearance of the stream of lava poured forth from Arare, its renewed sub- 

 terranean course and final reappearance in greater mass, do not allow us to 

 infer its identity with equal certainty, inasmuch as many longitudinal lava- 

 yielding fissures have opened contemporaneously over the whole declivity of the 

 mountain below the level of the floor of the Kilauea basin. As respects the in- 

 ternal constitution of this singular Volcano of Hawaii, it is very noteworthy that, 

 in June 1832, both the craters, that of the summit and that of Kilauea simul- 

 taneously, in the one case poured forth, and in the other occasioned, streams of 



