CXXX11 NOTES. 



present volume, pp. 300 and 331.) Several of the volcanic cones in the Gala- 

 pagos Islands have, at the mouth, quite as I have seen at Cotopaxi, a narrow 

 cylindrical parapet. " In some parts, the ridge is surmounted by a wall or 

 parapet perpendicular on both sides." Darwin, Vole. Isl. p. 83. 



( 528 ) p. 386. L. von Buch, p. 376. 



C 529 ) p. 386. Bunsen, in Lombard's Jahrb. fur Mineralogie, 1851, S. 856; 

 and in Poggend. Annalen der Physik, Bd. Ixxxiii. S. 223. 



(") p. 387. Kosmos. Bd. iv. S. 311313, and Anm. 70 (present volume 

 .p. 268269, and Note 394). 



( M1 ) p. 387. See Pieschel, Ueber die Vulkane von Mexico, in the Zeit- 

 schrift fur Allg. Erdkunde, Bd. vi. 1856, S. 86 and 489532. The statement 

 (S. 86) that " no mortal had ever climbed the steep point of the Pico del Fraile " 

 is strangely erroneous, and is refuted by Dr. Gumprecht in the same volume (S. 

 489). The tower-like summit which is only ten feet broad is, indeed, of diffi- 

 cult attainment; but I gained it, and observed the barometer there on the 29th 

 of September 1803, and published the observations so long ago as 1807. More- 

 over, I struck off, and brought home, pieces from the mass of trachyte where it 

 had been pierced by lightning, glazed on the inside like lightning tubes. Gilbert, 

 in 1819, in Bd. Ixi. of his Annalen der Physik, S. 261, gave a memoir on these 

 pieces which had been laid by me before meetings both of the Berlin and Paris 

 Academies. (Compare also Annales de Chimie et de Physique, t. xix. 1822, 

 p. 298.) Where the lightning had pierced cylindrical tubes three inches long, 

 in such a manner that the upper and lower openings could be distinguished 

 apart, the rock surrounding these openings was also vitrified. I have also, in 

 my collection, pieces where, as at the Lesser Ararat and Mont Blanc, the whole 

 surface has been vitrified without tubular perforation. Herr Pieschel, in October 

 ] 852, was the first who ascended the Volcano of Colima with its double sum- 

 mit, and arrived at the crater from which he then saw hot vapours of sulphu- 

 retted hydrogen issue in clouds. Sonneschmid, who, in February 1 796, attempted 

 the ascent of Colima, but without success, reported accounts of a great eruption 

 of ashes in 1770. In March 1795, glowing scoriae were ejected, presenting at 

 night the appearance of a pillar of fire. " To the north-west of the Volcano of 

 Colima, a volcanic branch fissure runs along the shore of the Pacific. Extinct 

 craters and ancient lava-streams can be recognised in what are called the Vol- 

 canoes of Ahuacatlan (on the route from Guadalaxara to San Bias) and of 

 Tepic." (Pieschel, in the volume above referred to, S. 529.) 



( 532 ) p. 388. Kosmos, Bd. iv. S. 392397 (present volume, p. 348 

 to 355). 



(**) p. 389. The name of " Grand Ocean " for the basin of the Pacific, 



