Vlll NOTES. 



Kioubrong a 5581 metres de hauteur selon le Capitaine Gerard je me trouyal 

 eucore bien au dessous de la limite des neiges perpetuelles qui dans cette partie 

 de 1'Himalaya je croirais," (much too high an estimate), " de 6000 metre*, 

 ou 3078 toises." The same traveller says, that, " on the southern declivity, 

 the climate preserves the same character at all heights, the distribution in the 

 different seasons of the year being the same as in the Indian plains. The 

 summer solstice there brings the same torrents of rain, which last, without 

 interruption, to the autumnal equinox. Kashmir, at an elevation of 5350 

 English feet (837 toises, which is nearly the height of the towns of Popayan 

 and Merida), is the first place where a new and wholly different kind of 

 climate begins, (Jacquemont, Corresp. T. ii. pp. 58 and 74). As Leopold 

 von Buch remarks, the monsoons cannot carry the Warm and moist sea air of 

 the plains of India beyond the rampart of the Himalaya into the Thibetian 

 district of Ladak and Lhassa. Carl von Hiigel, from a determination of the 

 boiling point of water, estimates the elevation of the valley of Kashmir above 

 the level of the sea at 5818 English feet, or 910 toises (Theil ii. S. 155 ; and 

 Journal of the Geogr. Soc. Vol. vi. p. 215). In this calm and sheltered valley, 

 scarcely ever visited by tempests, in latitude 34 7', the snow, from December 

 to March, is found several feet in thickness. 



( 6 ) p. 11. Vide, generally, my Essai sur la Geographic des Plantes et 

 Tableau physique des Regions Equinoxiales, 1807, pp. 80 88. On the diurnal 

 and nocturnal variations of temperature, vide Plate 9 of my Atlas geogra- 

 phique et physique du nouveau Continent ; and the Tables in my own work, 

 entitled, De distributione geographica plantarum secundum coeli temperiem 

 et altitudinem montium 1817, pp. 90 116; the meteorological portion of 

 my Asie Centrale, Vol. iii. pp. 212 224 ; and, lastly, the more recent and 

 far more exact representation of decreasing temperature with increasing 

 elevation in the chain of the Andes, given in Boussingault's Memoire sur 

 la profondeur a laquelle on trouve la couche de temperature invariable sous Ics 

 tropiques (Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1833, T. liii. pp. 225247). 

 This treatise contains determinations of the mean temperature and of the 

 elevation of 128 points, from the level of the sea to the declivity of Anti- 

 sana, at a height of 2800 toises (about 17900 feet), and varying between 

 27'5 and 1'7 Centigrade, (or 81'6 and 35 Fahrenheit). 



p. 14. On the proper Madhjadeca, see Lassen's excellent work, entl. 

 tied, Indische Alterthumskunde, Bd. i. S. 92. The Chinese give the name 

 of Mo-kie-thi to the southern Bahar, *. e. the part to the south of the Ganges, 

 (Foe-koue-ki, par Chy-Fa-Hian, 1836, p. 256). Djambu-dwipa is the name 



