NOTES. Ixxvii 



Muddied by the fall of ejected fragments of rock." Respecting the present 

 mineralogical constitution of the peninsula of Methana, see Fiedler, Reise 

 durch Griechenland, Th.i. S. 257263. 



O 31 ) p. 230. See Leop. von Bitch's Physik. Beschr. der Canar. Inseln, 

 g. 356 358, and particularly the French translation of this excellent work, 

 p. 402 ; and Von Buch, in Poggendorff's Annalen, Bd. xxxvii. S. 183. In 

 very modern times, a submarine island has been again in process of formation 

 within the crater of Santorin. In 1810, it was still 15 fathoms below the 

 surface of the sea; and in 1830, had risen to within 3 or 4 fathoms of the 

 surface. Its sides are nearly perpendicular. The continued activity of the 

 submarine crater is manifested by the mixture of sulphureous gases in the 

 waters of the eastern bay of Neo-Kammeni, as at Vromolimni near Methana. 

 Copper-bottomed ships cast anchor in the bay for the purpose of cleansing 

 and repolishing their copper sheathing by this natural (or volcanic) process. 

 Virlet, in the Bull, de la Societe ge'ologique de France, T. iii. p. 109 ; and 

 Fiedler, Reise durch Griechenland, Th. ii. S. 469 and 584. 



(S 32 ) p. 230. The appearances of the new island near St. Michael, in the 

 Azores, took place June 11, 1638 ; December 31, 1719 ; June 13, 1811. 



P) p. 231 . Prevost, in the Bulletin de la Societe geologique, T. ii. p. 34 ; 

 Hoffmann, Hinterlassene Werke, Bd. ii. S. 451456. 



P 1 ) p. 231. Accedunt vicini et perpetui JEtnse montis ignes et insularum 

 JEolidum, veluti ipsis undis alatur incendium ; neque enim aliter durare tot 

 seculis tantus ignis potuisset, nisi humoris nutrimentis aleretur" (Justin, 

 Hist. Philipp. iv. 1). This physical description of Sicily commences with a very 

 complicated volcanic theory. Deep-seated beds of sulphur and resin ; a very 

 thin soil, full of cavities, and very subject to fissures ; a great agitation caused 

 by the waves of the sea, which, as they beat against the shore, draw down 

 with them the air, causing a wind, which blows the fire, are the elements 

 of Trogus's theory. The ancients probably connected the idea of the wind 

 being forced into the interior of the Earth, there to act on the volcanic fire, 

 with the influence which they ascribed to the direction of particular winds on 

 he degree of volcanic activity of Mina, Hiera, and Stromboli (see a re- 

 markable passage in Strabo, lab. vi. pp. 275 and 276). The island of 

 Stromboli passed for the dwelling of ./Eolus, " the regulator of the winds," 

 because mariners predicted the weather from the degree of violence of the 

 eruptions of the volcano. Some connection between the eruptions of small 

 volcanoes and the direction of the wind is generally admitted at the present 

 time (Von Buch, Descr. phys. des Isles Canaries, p. 334 ; Hoffmann, in Pogg. 

 Ann. Bd. xivi. S. 8), although our knowledge of volcanic phsenomena, and the 



