NOTES. XC1 



( 3W ) p. 283. Pliny, in speaking of Africa, said (v. 1), "Ncc alia pars 

 terrarum pauciores recipit sinus." The Indian peninsula on this side the 

 Ganges presents a third, smaller but very similar, triangular form. The idea 

 was very prevalent amongst the Greeks of the existence of a certain regularity 

 in the configuration of the shape of the dry land. They considered that there 

 were four great gulphs, among which the Persian gulph was the opposite or 

 counterpart of the Caspian or Hyrcanian Sea (Arriaii, vii. 16 ; Plut. in vita 

 Alexandri, cap. 44; Dionys. Perieg. v. 48 and 630, pp. 11 and 38, Bernh.) ; 

 and, according to the fantastical conception of Agesianax, the four gulphs and 

 isthmuses were even supposed to recur on the moon's disk (Plut. de Facie ia 

 Orbe Lunae, p. 921, 19), as a sort of reflection of the great outlines of the 

 terrestrial surface. Respecting the division of the Earth into four quarters or 

 continents, two north and two south of the Equator, see Macrobius, Comm. 

 in Somnium Scipionis, ii. 9. I have submitted this part of ancient geography, 

 respecting which great confusion of ideas has prevailed, to a new and careful 

 investigation in my Examen crit. de 1'hist. de la Geogr. T. i. pp. 119, 145, 

 180185, as well as in my Asie Centr. T. ii. pp. 172178. 



C 351 ) p. 283. Fleurieu, in the " Voyage de Marchand autour du Monde," 

 T. iv. pp. 3842. 



f 46 ) p. 283. Humboldt, in the Journal de Physique, T. liii. 1799, p. 33 ; 

 and Rel. hist. T. ii. p. 19. iii. pp. 189 and 198. 



(** 7 ) p. 284. Humboldt, in Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, Bd. xl. 

 S. 171. On the labyrinth of fiords at the south-east end of the Ameri- 

 can continent, see Darwin's Journal (Narrative of the Voyages of the 

 Adventure and Beagle, Vol. iii.) 1839, p. 266. The parallelism of the two 

 chains of mountains is maintained from 5 N. to 5 S. lat. The change of 

 direction of the coast near Arica appears to be the consequence of an analogous 

 change in the direction of the immense fissure over which the Cordillera of 

 the Andes has been upheaved. 



(S 48 ) p. 286. De la Beche, Sections and Views illustrative of Geological 

 Phenomena, 1830, Tab. 40 ; Charles Babbage, Observations on the Temple 

 of Serapis at Pozzuoli, near Naples, and on certain causes which may produce 

 Geological Cycles of great extent, 1834. "If a stratum of sandstone, five 

 English miles in thickness, should have its temperature raised 100Fah., 

 its surface would rise 25 feet ; heated beds of clay would, on the contrary, 

 cause a sinking of the ground by their contraction." Compare, in Bischof's 

 Warmelehre des Innern unseres Erdkorpers, S. 303, his calculations on the 

 secular elevation of Sweden, on the supposition of the small increase of 3 of 

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