INFLUENCE OF THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGNS. 517 



The expedition of Colaeus of Samos does not, however, 

 alone indicate an epoch in which the Hellenic races, and the 

 nations to whom their cultivation was transmitted, developed 

 new views that led to the extension of maritime expeditions, 

 but it also immediately enlarged the sphere of ideas. The 

 great natural phenomenon which, by the periodic elevation of 

 the level of sea, exhibits the connection existing between the 

 earth, and the sun, and moon, now first permanently arrested 

 the attention of men. In the African Syrtic Sea this pheno- 

 menon had appeared to the Greeks to be accidental, and had 

 not unfrequently been attended by danger. Posidonius, who 

 had observed the ebb and flow of the sea at Ilipa and Gadeira, 

 compared his observations with the facts of which he was 

 informed by the experienced Phoenicians concerning the influ- 

 ence supposed to be exercised by the moon.* 



EXPEDITIONS OF THE MACEDONIANS UNDER ALEXANDER 



THE GREAT. CHANGES IN THE RELATIONS OF THE 



WORLD. FUSION OF THE WEST WITH THE EAST. 



THE GREEKS PROMOTE THE INTERMIXTURE OF RACES 

 FROM THE NILE TO THE EUPHRATES, THE JAXARTES 



AND THE INDUS. SUDDEN EXTENSION OF COSMICAL 



VIEWS, BOTH BY MEANS OF DIRECT OBSERVATION OF 

 NATURE, AND BY THE RECIPROCAL INTERCOURSE OF 

 ANCIENT CIVILISED AND INDUSTRIAL NATIONS. 



THE campaigns of the Macedonians under Alexander the 

 Great; the downfall of the Persian dominion; the rising in- 

 tercourse with Western India; and the action of the Graeco- 

 Bactrian empire, which continued to prevail for one hundred 

 and sixteen years, may be regarded as amongst the most import- 

 ant social epochs in the process of the development of the his- 



the elevation passes through the Taurus, the chains of Demavend and 

 Hindoo-coosh, the Northern Thibetian Kuen-hm and the mountains of 

 the Chinese provinces Sse-tschuan and Kuang-si, which are perpetually 

 covered with snow. See my orographical researches on these lines of 

 elevation in my Asie centale, t. i. pp. 104-114, 118-164; t. ii. pp. 413 

 and 438. 



* Strabo, lib. iii. p. 173 (Examen crit., t. iii. p. 98). 



