INFLUENCE OF THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGNS. 519 



nations are not deficient in activity of mind and artistic inge- 

 nuity, yet they live in subjection and servitude without evinc- 

 ing the courage necessary for resistance, whilst the Greeks, 

 valiant and energetic, living in freedom and therefore well 

 governed, might, if they were united into one state, exercise 

 dominion over all barbarians" Thus wrote the Stagirite 

 during his second stay at Athens,* before Alexander had 

 passed the Granicus. These dogmas of the philosopher, how- 

 ever contrary to nature he may have professed to consider an 

 unlimited dominion, (the 7raju/3ao-iXeia,) no doubt, made a more 

 vivid impression on the conqueror than the fantastic narra- 

 tions of Ctesias respecting India, to which August Wilhelm 

 von Schlegel, and prior to him Ste. Croix, ascribed so import- 

 ant an influence.f 



In the preceding pages, we have attempted to give a brief 

 delineation of the sea as a means of furthering international 

 contact and union, and of the influence exercised in this re- 

 spect by the extended navigation of the Phoenicians, Carthagi- 

 nians, Tyrrhenians, and Etruscans. We have further shown 

 how the Greeks, whose maritime power was strengthened by 

 numerous colonies, endeavoured to penetrate beyond the basin 

 of the Mediterranean towards the east and the west by the 

 argonautic expedition from lolcus, and by the voyage of 

 ColsBus of Samos; and lastly, how the fleet of Solomon and 

 Hiram visited distant gold lands in their voyages to Ophir 

 through the Red Sea. The present section will lead us to the 

 interior of a great continent, through different routes opened to 

 inland trade and river navigation. In the short period of 

 twelve years are compressed the campaigns in Western Asia 

 and Syria, with the battles of the Granicus, and the passes of 

 Issus; the taking of Tyre, and the easy conquest of Egypt; 

 the Persico-Babylonian campaign, when the dominion of the 

 Acha3menida3 was annihilated at Arbela, in the plain of 

 Gaugamela; the expedition to Bactria and Sogdiana, between 

 the Hindoo Coosh and the Jaxartes (Syr) ; and lastly, the bold 

 advance into the country of the five rivers, the Pentapotamia 

 of Western India. Alexander founded Greek colonies almost 

 everywhere, and diffused Greek manners and customs over the 



* Stahr, Aristotelia, th. ii. s. 114, 



h Ste. Croix, Examen critique des Historiens d'Alexandre, p. 731. 

 (Schlegel, Ind. Bibliothel, bd. i. s. 150.) 



