408 COSMOS. 



mentions; while at a later period, for example, in the book 

 De Mundo, erroneously attributed to Aristotle, a combination 

 of both kinds of names are met with, those of deities, and 

 the descriptive (expressive) names : (palvwv for Saturn, 

 ffTL\fB(uv for Mercury, Trvpocis for Mars. 13 Although the name 



13 The most striking differences are met with on comparing 

 Aristot. Metaph. xii. cap. 8, p. 1073, ed. Bekker with Pseudo- 

 Aristot. De Mundo, cap. 2, p. 392. The planet names Phae- 

 thon, Pyrois, Hercules, Stilbon, and Juno, appear in the 

 latter work: which points to the times of Apuleius and the 

 Antonines, in which Chaldean astrology was already diffused 

 over the whole Roman empire, and the terms of different 

 nations mixed with each other. (Compare Cosmos, vol. ii. 

 p. 381, and note.) Diodorus Siculus says positively that 

 the Chaldeans first named the planets after their Baby- 

 lonian deities, and that these names were thus transferred to 

 the Greeks. Ideler (Eudoxus, p. 48), on the contrary, as- 

 cribes these names to the Egyptians, and grounds his argu- 

 ment upon the old existence on the Nile of a seven-day 

 planetary week (Handbucli der Chronologic, bd. i. p. 180): 

 an hypothesis which Lepsius has completely disproved 

 (Chronologic der JEg. th. i. p. 131). I will here collate from 

 Eratosthenes, from the editor of Epinomis (Philippus Opun- 

 tius?), from Geminius, Pliny, Theon of Smyrna, Cleomedes, 

 Achilles Tatius, Julius Firmicus, and Simplicius, the synonyms 

 of the five oldest planets, as they have been transmitted to 

 us chiefly through predilection for astrology: 



Saturn: (palvwv, Nemesis, also called a sun by five authors 

 (Theon. Smyrna, p. 87 and 105, Martin); 



Jupiter: (paeGwv, Osiris; 



Mars: Trvpoei?, Hercules; 



Venus: cwacfiopos, ^wo-^c'/^o?, Lucifer; eWepos, Vesper; 

 Juno, Isis; 



Mercury: GTL\^H)V, Apollo. 



Achilles Tatius (Isag. in Phaen. Arati, cap. 17,) considers it 

 strange "that the Egyptians, as well as the Greeks, should call 

 the least luminous of the planets, the shining" (perhaps only 



