20 DIRECTIONS 



A shrub is a woody plant smaller than a tree. 



An herb is a plant with a soft stem dying down 

 every year. 



Leaves are opposite (Fig. i), whorled (more than 

 two springing from the same level on the stem (Fig. 2), 

 from the root only (Fig. 3), or otherwise, generally alter- 

 nate (Fig. 4). The leaf may have a stalk of its own, 

 or it may grow directly on the stem or the branch; in 

 the latter event it may, at its base, envelop or clasp 

 the stem or the branch. The technical terms for these 

 conditions are avoided, but will be found in the Defi- 

 nitions. 



FIG. 6. 

 FIG. 5. 



Leaves compound (yellow clover). Leaf compound (elder). 



Leaves are compound or simple. A compound leaf 

 is one made up of leaflets, as in the clovers, or the 

 elder (Figs. 5, 6). A simple leaf has no leaflets. 



Flowers are either solitary (or few together), or are 

 arranged in head, spike, raceme, umbel, or clustered with- 

 out definite shape. In a head (Fig. 7) the flowers are 

 very closely clustered, as in the clover. 



In a spike (Fig. 8) the flowers are arranged along a 

 single stem, branch, or stalk, each flower growing directly 

 from that "axis" without a separate flower-stalk. 



In a raceme (Fig. 9) the flowers are likewise arranged 

 along a single stem or branch, but each flower has a 

 separate stalk of its own. 



In the umbel (Fig. 10) the flower-stalks start from a 

 common point. For popular use the umbel is not 

 always carefully distinguished from other clusters and 



