ANALYSIS OF URINE: 



$39 



The undetermined nitrogen is nitrogen which is not represented as 

 urea, ammonia, etc. Its amount varies from about 3-6 per cent, of 

 the total nitrogen and it consists of nitrogen present in the pigments 

 of the urine and in unknown compounds. 



ANALYSIS OF NORMAL URINE. 



Colour. The colour is of a transparent yellow which varies 

 from light yellow to orange or red-brown ; the froth which forms on 

 shaking soon disappears. It contains no sediment, but on standing a 

 cloudiness of mucoid appears containing epithelial cells. 



Urine has a characteristic and peculiar odour. 



Reaction. The reaction is acid to litmus paper. This acidity 

 is due to acid phosphates and not to free acid. At the full height of 

 digestion it may be slightly alkaline and may show a cloudiness due 

 to the presence of phosphates. It becomes alkaline on standing owing 

 to the setting in of "ammoniacal fermentation" by the micrococcus 

 ureae, which converts urea into ammonium carbonate. This change is 

 in reality due to the action of the enzyme urease liberated from the 

 micro-organism. 



Specific Gravity. The specific gravity varies from 1010-1040. 

 The average is 1015-1025. The specific gravity is ascertained with a 

 hydrometer (urinometer). 



Volume. Its volume varies. The average volume is 1000-1500 

 c.c. per day under normal conditions. 



It is very advantageous to make the volume up to 2000 c.c. after 

 taking the specific gravity and before carrying out quantitative 

 analysis. 



