422 APPENDIX 



Alcohols. When the two-handed oxygen atom, O linked to 

 hydrogen H and thus forming the hydroxyl molecule OH is 

 linked to the vacant hand of the radical, an alcohol is formed, e.g. 



C 



H C C O (H) Ethyl Alcohol. 



When the terminal carbon is thus oxidised a Primary Alcohol 

 is formed but if a middle carbon atom is oxidised, a Secondary 

 Alcohol is produced 

 H OH H 



I I I 

 H C C C H Secondary Propyl Alcohol. 



Aii 



But the oxidation may involve more than one carbon atom and 

 thus the atomic Polyvalent Alcohols are produced 

 OH OH OH 



I I I 

 H C C C H Glycerin. 



I I I 

 H H H 



Aldehydes. When from a Primary Alcohol the two hydrogens 

 in brackets are removed, the vacant hand of the oxygen links to 

 the vacant hand of the carbon to form an Aldehyde 

 H 



H C C=0 Ethyl Aldehyde. 



H (H) 



Ketones. These are formed in the same way from the Secondary 

 Alcohols, thus : 

 H H 



r< Ji n XT Acetone, the Ketone of Secondary 



I I Pr Pyl AlcohoL 



H H 



Acids. If the hydrogen of the Aldehyde in brackets is replaced 

 by hydroxyl OH an acid is produced 



H : 



i i n 



H C-;-C H Acetic acid 



I i 

 H : 



