388 Appendix 



ety of shades of which affective tendencies are capable in 

 man. For since it is able to observe from different 

 points of view, simultaneously or nearly so, all environ- 

 mental relations even when only slightly associated, it 

 can evoke diverse affectivities at the same time, and these, 

 as Bain would say, by association, combination, con- 

 fluence, interference or mutual partial inhibition, finally 

 produce an exceedingly complex affectivity which is 

 therefore capable of showing the finest imaginable grada- 

 tions from one case to another according to the number 

 and character of its component parts. 



Thus, for instance, fear, anxiety and kindred feelings 

 had already developed in animals from the instinct of 

 self-preservation in its purely defensive form; but in man 

 this latter gave rise also to all the propitiatory affectivities 

 in innumerable varieties and shades, such as prostration, 

 humility, hypocrisy, flattery and the like. Even the re- 

 ligious sentiment in its lowest forms is a direct conse- 

 quence of this propitiatory affectivity, while the loftier 

 religious sentiment and the kindred feeling experienced 

 in the presence of the sublime are more highly developed 

 and more complete forms of the same thing. 38 



Similarly from the instinct of self-preservation in its 

 double aspect, offensive and defensive at the same time, 

 had already developed in the higher animals the instinct 

 to attack and all the different varieties of counter-attack ; 

 but in man this instinct has assumed the most varied 

 forms and shades from deepest hatred to a scarcely per- 

 ceptible antipathy, from rapacity to the merest envy, and 

 from the most violent thirst for revenge to the slightest 

 resentment. The noble sentiment of justice is a very 



38 For instance, see Ribot, Psych, des sent, p. 100, and E. Rignano, 

 *'II fenomeno religiose," Scientia, XIII, i, 1910. 



