390 Appendix 



vation of those very accumulations of energy of which the 

 affective tendencies consist. 



Of course it is not always possible clearly to distin- 

 guish affective tendencies from emotions since the former 

 are perceptible neither objectively nor subjectively as long 

 as they remain in a potential state, but become so at their 

 activation which, when sudden and violent, represents 

 the corresponding emotion. But the importance and 

 necessity of distinguishing accurately between emotions 

 and affective tendencies a distinction however which is 

 usually entirely neglected by most psychologists lies in 

 the fact that one and the same affective tendency may ac- 

 cording to external circumstances give rise to the most 

 diverse emotions, to the most diverse degrees of their 

 intensity, or even to no emotion at all properly so called. 

 For instance if we see a vehicle approaching at a distance 

 we quietly step aside out of the way, but if it appears 

 suddenly before us at an abrupt turn in the street we 

 feel a strong emotional shock. And the same affective 

 tendency of the dog towards a piece of meat can give 

 rise to flight, anger, or the careful, coolly calculated search 

 for a safe hiding place, according to the circumstances 

 under which his dainty meal is endangered. 



In short, every emotion, as Stout rightly emphasizes, 

 presupposes an affective tendency, but the reverse does 

 not follow; for an affective tendency even when in full 

 activation need not always imply any emotion. 41 



Every affective tendency "impels" to action, that is, it 

 not only "starts" but really "impinges" upon the organs 

 of motion either directly as in the lower organisms or 

 by the aid of the nervous system as in the higher. 



41 See G. F. Stout, A Manual of Psychology, 2d. ed., p. 305, 

 London, 1907. 



