xiv INTRODUCTION 



than those of the caves, and by inference that they show detrimental effects of 

 contact with Europeans, not only in the abrupt departure from a diet to which 

 the people had been accustomed, but in the character of the attacks of 

 infectious disease to which they were in no degree immune. 



In recording the peculiarities of these crania two methods were enter- 

 tained. The first included measurements, the second a systematic record of 

 selected characters. The conclusions drawn from these methods is that the 

 first, all things being considered, is most fruitful, the ranges of anatomical 

 variation between the cave and coast groups being naturally much the same, 

 since the ethnic type had been long isolated. But while the contrasts between 

 the two series in measurement was striking and expressed in terms of pre- 

 cision, the differences in percentages of anatomical variation was also found to 

 be of considerable interest. 



The specimens will be often mentioned by the names of the institutions 

 where they are owned or by the initials of the same. 



The crania of the Hawaiian Islands have received attention from Retzius,' 6 

 Uhde,' 7 Dumoutier,' J. B. Davis, 5 Flower," Turner,' 5 and Virchow. 



The most elaborate studies are those of Davis and Turner. The former 

 measuring thirty-two examples (four of which were from caves) and the latter 

 thirty-seven, with nine from the caves. It will be seen that the number of the 

 cave series in this paper is much the largest of any that has been observed. 



