CONIFERS 303 



of the scales on the lower side of the cone larger than those which 

 are turned towards the trunk, recurved in the form of a hook. It 

 becomes a tall tree in the Valais and in Vaud, but is little more 

 than a shrub in the Jura. 



Pinus sylvestris L. Scots Pine. 



Cones very shortly stalked, recurved when young, symmetrical, 

 conical. Scales rhomboid, with flat boss and a transverse keel and 

 deciduous point. Leaves in pairs, stiffly subulate, about 2 inches 

 long, glaucous inside. The heart-wood is reddish. Seeds winged, 

 small. 



This well-known Pine reaches about 7300 feet in the Swiss 

 (Valais) Alps, where it is rare, and possibly rather higher in some 

 of the Western Alps of France and Italy. May. 



Distribution. Alps, Vosges, Cevennes, Pyrenees, Corbieres, 

 Norway, Northern and Central Europe, mountains of Southern 

 Europe, Caucasus, Russian Asia, 1 Scotch Highlands. Usually 

 planted elsewhere. 



Pinus Cembra L. Arolla or Siberian Stone Pine. 



Stem erect. Leaves in bundles of 5, stiff, trigonous, about 

 2 1 inches long. Cones of this year erect, in groups of 3 or 4 at 

 end of branches, stalked ; when ripe, large, sessile, ovate, obtuse. 

 Scales flat, erect, downy, rather spreading at the apex. Shield 

 very small, almost obsolete. Seed not winged, edible. A tree of 

 moderate size. Leaves bluish green when young. Cones solitary 

 or in twos or threes, attaining the size of the fist, dark violet-brown. 

 The seeds are eaten in the Eastern Alps under the name of ' Zirbel- 

 nuss.' 



Alps from 4400-8000 feet (extreme limits). May, June. Local. 



Distribution. Carpathians ; Eastern, Central, and Western Alps, 

 Central and Northern Europe, Siberia. In Switzerland in the 

 Pennine Chain from the Dranse to the Simplon, the Bernese Ober- 

 land, and Engadine. It is often associated with the Larch. There 

 are proofs of more elevated ancient limits in many localities. 



A beautiful photograph of " A typical Alp or mountain pasture, 

 with the Stone Pine in the foreground (6300 feet) " appears in 

 Dr. Arber's Plant Life in Alpine Switzerland, p. 24. 



Pinus Strobus L. Weymouth Pine. 



A tree attaining 80 feet in height. Leaves in bundles of 5, 2-4 

 inches long, slender, trigonous, green and glossy on one side, 

 glaucous on the 2 other sides. Cone shortly peduncled, up to 6 

 inches long, cylindrical and tapering, pendent, chocolate-brown in 

 colour. Scales rather thin, smooth, striated. 



1 In Siberia the Scots Pine reaches lat. 62^ (Seebohm), and in Norway it reaches 

 the North Cape, 300 miles within the Arctic Circle. 



