82 ANIMAL INDIVIDUALITY [CH. 



normal tree grows out a shoot displaying some new 

 peculiarity, some mutation which it can transmit to 

 its descendant shoots. A race of trees with the new 

 character can thus be raised by grafting, and not 

 only this, but some bud-sports breed true to seed. 

 Thus nectarines have repeatedly arisen from peaches, 

 not only from peach-seed, but also from peach-buds, 

 and in both cases may subsequently grow true to seed 

 (4, p. 360). 



One last partial justification of the theory is left : 

 often when more than a single individual life (in our 

 sense) intervenes between one sexual act and the 

 next, it happens that these several individuals are 

 different from each other but appear in a regular 

 cycle, as in the liver-fluke (p. 23). When this is 

 so, the forms that intervene between two sexual acts 

 do in point of fact together constitute an individuality, 

 one of the type that we have called species-indivi- 

 dualities. But this coincidence of sexual act and 

 beginning of a new individuality is only an accident, 

 philosophically speaking, as our previous discussion 

 of the sexual process will easily prove (p. 71). 



Thus, though we may note as an interesting fact 

 that the sexual process has at various times and in 

 various ways become connected with one or another 

 form of individuality, yet we must recognize that this 

 connection is not obligatory, that in origin the two 

 are entirely distinct, and that therefore the one 



