PLAGUE 197 



relatively little redness and swelling. There is usually some eleva- 

 tion of temperature (101 to 102 F.), headache, and general malaise; 

 in women nausea and vomiting, and in about 10 per cent, of the people 

 diarrhea on the following day. After twenty-four to seventy-two 

 hours the symptoms have disappeared. 



Results. Kolle's method has been tested in Japan (1902), and 

 has apparently furnished reasonably satisfactory results, even though 

 the vaccination, as in the case of the antityphoid treatment, does 

 not afford protection in all cases. In a certain district occupied by 

 903,194 people, Murata vaccinated 77,907 individuals, the result 

 being that the morbidity among the latter was only 0.06 per cent., 

 as contrasted with 0.13 per cent., when compared with the total 

 population, and the mortality (calculated in relation to the mor- 

 bidity) only 42.5 per cent., as compared with 75 per cent. In actual 

 figures this means that of 825,287 non-vaccinated people 1152 people 

 contracted the disease, resulting in 863 deaths, while of 77,907 

 vaccinated individuals only 48 were taken ill and 20 died. 



Even more convincing than these figures are certain individual 

 observations. In two villages which were close to a large cholera 

 focus, and in which all the inhabitants had been vaccinated, not a 

 single individual was taken ill, notwithstanding a most active inter- 

 course between the people. 



In a branch office of the Formosa Camphor Company all but 

 three individuals were inoculated (159). But one of the total 

 number, and this one a non-vaccinated person, developed the 

 disease and died. 



Similar results have been obtained by Haffkine in India, 

 so that the conclusion seems justifiable that vaccination with 

 suitable material actually affords a considerable degree of pro- 

 tection against Asiatic cholera, and should be enforced as far as 

 possible in times of epidemic. Coupled with modern sanitary 

 methods, vaccination should certainly remove a great deal of the 

 danger which attaches to this relic of medieval lack of civilization. 



PLAGUE 



Attempts at prophylactic vaccination against plague have likewise 

 led to encouraging results. Haffkine, who has done a great deal of 



