98 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE 



or August on grass land or where a crop has grown up to grass. 

 They are placed on stems or leaves of grass or on weeds, or even 

 on stones or twigs. The caterpillars hatch in August and Septem- 

 ber, feed on whatever is available until frost. The caterpillars 

 climb trees at night and attack the foliage, as well as living on 

 the roots of various crops in the soil. They pass the winter in 

 the caterpillar stage, and become full grown hi the early summer 

 of the year following; they then pupate and the adults emerge 

 in July or August. There is usually but one generation a year, 

 Control. Thorough cultivation of orchards is recommended. 

 Clean up and burn all rubbish. Place cotton bands or tanglefoot 

 around young trees to prevent climbing by the worms. Drop 

 poisonous bait, such as poisoned bran mash (see chapter on Insec- 

 ticides), hi little bunches near base of trees. These caterpillars 

 succumb to arsenical sprays. Young trees are the chief sufferers, 

 but occasionally old trees are infested. Their attacks on young 

 trees appear to be a strong argument against allowing sod in a 

 young orchard. 



The Bud Moth (Spilonola ocellana Schiff.). The larva of 

 this pest destroys young foliage and fruit buds, hibernating in 

 small, oval, silken cases on bark of twigs. When the buds swell, 

 the caterpillars bore into them and are thus protected from in- 

 secticides. Later they form nests by tying leaves together. 



Life History. They become full grown in June, transforming 

 to pupse in silk-lined nests. After ten days the dark ash gray 

 moth appears, laying eggs singly or in small clusters on the under 

 side of leaves. The eggs hatch and the young caterpillars feed on 

 the epidermis of the lower side of the leaf, protected by a silk web. 

 In the fall they migrate to twigs and there form cases in which 

 they hibernate. When full grown the caterpillar is half an inch 

 long, with a light chestnut brown color. (See also page 86.) 



It is believed that this pest was introduced from Europe at 

 least one hundred years ago. 



Control. Spray with Paris green or, better, with arsenate of 

 lead just as the buds burst and again before the trees are in blos- 

 som. Here again the usual codling moth sprayings are effective. 

 The Leaf-crumpler (Mineola indigenella Zell). Caterpillars 

 of this moth build cocoons of silk, mixed with the dried excrement 

 and borm gs of the worm . During winter crumpled leaves a re found 

 fastened to the twigs which, when separated, reveal the horn- 

 shaped cocoons. Early in spring, when buds commence to ex- 



