UNGULATA. 47 



ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS, FALCONER. 



The name Elephas antiquus was used by Falconer in 1857 

 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XIII., table facing p. 319) and 

 the species he afterwards more fully defined (Pal. Mem., Vol. II.), 

 but we are indebted to Dr. Leith Adams for a very complete history 

 of this and other British species of Elephas (Pal. Soc., 1877-81). 



Many of the Elephant teeth found in the " Forest Bed " belong 

 to E. antiquus (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 104, 1882). 

 Five examples were noticed by Leith Adams from the Norwich' 

 Crag, two from South wold (Pal. Soc. 1877, pp. 17 and 38 ; (Cat. 

 Foss. Mam. Brit, Mus., Part iv., p. 135, No. 39,463, 1886), two 

 others from Eastern Suffolk, also in the British Museum (loc. cit. 

 p. 124), and one from the same horizon at Horstead, in Mr. 

 Gunn's collection, Norwich Museum. 



In Mr. Colman's museum. Cliff House, Lowestoft, there are 

 several portions of one or more teeth, collected by Mr. Randall 

 Johnson from the Norwich Crag of Horstead, which have very 

 broad and widely separated plates of thick enamel ; the latter 

 being strongly crenulated and with a median lozenge. This is 

 one of the forms now called the broad plated variety of E. anti- 

 quus ; the widely separated plates resemble the teeth of E. meri- 

 dionalis. As already stated, the specimens from the Red Crag 

 which Dr. Leith Adams doubtfully named E. antiquus are now 

 thought to be E. meridionalis (see p. 140, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. 

 Brit. Mus., Part iv., p. 123, 1886). 



.Elephas antiquus is not certainly known in England from beds 

 older than the Norwich Crag ; it is abundant in the Forest-bed, 

 also in Cave-earth and other Pleistocene deposits. 



The species seems to occur in Pliocene strata in Northern Italy 

 (L. Adams, Pal. Soc., p. 5), but it is not included by Dr. Forsyth 

 Major among the mammals of the Val d'Arno (Quart. Journ. Geol. 

 Soc., Vol. XLL, p. 5, 1 885). In Pleistocene deposits, however, it 

 has been found in France, Italy, Spain, and probably North 

 Africa (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part iv., p. 123, 126, 127). 



ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS 1 BLUMENBACH. 



It is very doubtful whether this species has ever been met with 

 in Pliocene strata. The only Pliocene horizon which has 

 yielded specimens which could possibly be referred to E, primi- 

 genius is the Forest-bed, and the teeth which have been found 

 do not supply such undoubted proof of the occurrence of this 

 species as could be desired. Although some of them approach 

 the E. primigenius type of tooth, none are precisely like any 

 undoubted example of the species, and the utmost that can be 

 said is that some of the Forest-bed specimens may be extreme 

 forms of E. primigenius (see Vert. Forest Bed, p. 106). 



