MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS. 71 



Crimea, and between the Gulf of Finland and the shores of 

 the Pacific, in Russian America, were begun as early as. 

 1832. A permanent magnetic station was established in 

 the old monastery at Pekin, which from time to time, since 

 the reign of Peter the Great, has been inhabited by monks 

 of the Greek Church. The learned astronomer, Fuss, who 

 took the principal part in the measurements for the determ- 

 ination of the difference of level between the Caspian and 

 the Black Sea, was chosen to arrange the first magnetic es- 

 tablishments in China. At a subsequent period, Kupffer, in 

 his Voyage of Circumnavigation, compared together all the 

 instruments that had been employed in the magnetic and 

 meteorological stations as far east as Nertschinsk in 119 

 36' longitude, and with the fundamental standards. The 

 magnetic observations of Fedorow, in Siberia, which are no 

 doubt highly valuable, are still unpublished. 



1830-1845. Colonel Graham, of the topographical engi- 

 neers of the United States, made observations on the mag- 

 netic intensity at the southern boundary of Canada (Phil. 

 Transact, for 1846, pt. iii., p. 242). 



1830. Fuss, Magnetic, Astronomical, and Hypsometrical 

 Observations on the journey from the Lake of Baikal, 

 through Ergi-Oude, Durma, and the Gobi, which lies at an 

 elevation of only 2525 feet, to Pekin, in order to establish 

 the magnetic and meteorological observatory in that city, 

 where Kovanko continued for ten years to prosecute his ob- 

 servations (Eep. of the Seventh Meeting of the Brit. Assoc., 

 1837, p. 497-499 ; and Humboldt, Asie Centrale, t. i., p. 8 ; 

 t. ii., p. 141 ; t. iii., p. 468, 477). 



1831-1836. Captain Fitzroy, in his voyage round the 

 world in the Beagle, as well as in the survey of the coasts 

 of the most southern portions of America, with a Gambey's 

 inclinatorium and oscillation needles supplied by Hansteen. 



1831. Dunlop, Director of the Observatory of Paramatta, 

 Observations on a voyage to Australia (Phil. Transact, for 

 1840, pt. i., p. 133-140). 



1831. Faraday's induction-currents, whose theory has 

 been extended by Nobili and Antinori. The great discov- 

 ery of the development of light by magnets. 



1833 and 1839 are the two important epochs of the first 

 enunciation of the theoretical views of Gauss : (1) Intensitas 

 vis magneticae terrestris ad mensuram absolutam revocata, 

 1833 ; (p. 3 : " elementum tertium, intensitas, usque ad 

 tempora recentiora penitus neglectum mansit") ; (2) the im- 



