270 



COSMOS. 



other between the volcanic series of Quito and Peru. This 

 is fully 960 miles, while the most closely approximated groups 

 are the first and second, those of Mexico and Central Amer- 

 ica. The four interspaces between the five groups are sever- 

 ally 300, 628, 960, and 540 miles. The great distance of 

 the southernmost volcano of Quito from the most northern 

 of Peru is, at the first glance, the more remarkable, because, 

 according to old custom, we usually term the measurement 

 of degrees upon the highland of Quito the Peruvian measure- 

 ment. Only a small southern portion of the Peruvian chain 

 of the Andes is volcanic. The number of volcanoes, accord- 

 ing to the lists which I have prepared after a careful criti- 

 cism of the newest materials, is as follows : 



* The group of volcanoes of Mexico includes the volcanoes of Ori- 

 zaba,* Popocatepetl,* Toluca (or Cerro de San Miguel de Tutucuitla- 

 pilco), Jorullo,* Colima,* and Tuxtla.* Here, as in similar lists, the 

 still active volcanoes are indicated by asterisks. 



t The series of volcanoes of Central America is enumerated in the 

 notes on pages 257 and 2G3. 



J The group of New Granada and Quito includes the Paramo y 

 Volcan de Ruiz,* the volcanoes of Tolima, Purace,* and Sotara, near 

 Popayan ; the Volcan del Rio Fragua, an affluent of the Caqueta ; the 

 volcanoes of Pasto, El Azufral,* Cumbal,* Tuquerres,* Chiles, Imba- 

 buru, Cotocachi, Rucu-Pichincha, Antisana(P), Cotopaxi,* Tungura- 

 hua,* Capac-Urcu, or Altar de los Collanes(?), and Sangay.* 



The group of Southern Peru and Bolivia includes from north to 

 south the following 14 volcanoes : 



Volcano of Chacani (also called Charcam, according to Curzon and 

 Meyen), belonging to the group of Arequipa, and visible from the 

 town ; it is situated on the right bank of the Rio Quilca, in lat. 

 16 11', according to Pentland, the most accurate geological ob- 

 server of this region, 32 miles to the south of the Nevado de Chu- 

 quibamba, which is estimated at more than 19,000 feet in height. 

 Manuscript records in my possession give the volcano of Chacani a 

 height of fully 19,601 feet. Curzon saw a large crater in the 

 southeastern part of the summit. 



Volcano of Arequipa * lat. 16 20', 12 miles to the northeast of the 

 town. With regard to its height (18,879 feet ?), see p. 240. Thad- 

 diius Hanke, the botanist of the expedition of Malaspina (1796), 

 Samuel Curzon from the United States of North America (18 11), 



