122 THE CREAMERY PATRON'S HANDBOOK. 



by retaining the heat radiated from the animal body, little reali/ing that it 

 means the repeated inhalation of poisoned air that in the long run must 

 have a prejudicial effect upon the animal, weakening the body and pre- 

 disposing to disease. In dairy barns there are two types with reference to 

 the arrangement of the cattle in stalls ; one with the heads facing a common 

 feed floor, and one in which the heads are toward the wall with an alley 

 separating the rows for removing manure, etc. The former has an advan- 

 tage in feeding, but it brings the heads of so many cows together that the 

 breath from one is thrown into the face of the one directly across, 

 and frequently into that of each of those standing on either side of the one 

 facing as well as those at her own side. Crowded into three and one-half 

 foot stalls, or four foot stalls and a feed way of four feet, it virtually causes 

 six animals to rebreathe the air exhaled from each other. This arrange- 

 ment can not be too quickly abandoned as a proper dairy arrangement. 

 The type of arrangement in which the cattle face the wall obviates the ob- 

 jection to the former arrangement in part. If the partitions separating 

 the animals are high enough so that each is practically separated from the 

 neighbor on either side it is probably the best arrangement that can be 

 given. It does offer an advantage in the cleaning of the stable that com- 

 pensates for the lesser advantage in feeding. It is a custom, too, to place 

 two cows in one seven and one-half foot stall. The writer has never seen 

 the special reason for it. If two animals can stand in a stall, why not more? 

 why have partitions at all? Each animal should have an individual stall 

 and the partition between of sufficient height and length to prevent injury 

 from one animal stepping on another, and to prevent befouling. In the 

 double stall arrangement, or no stall arrangement, the animals are frequently 

 injured, and in every stable there will be plenty of examples cf uncleanliness. 

 The fixed stanchion too is a cruelty. It puts the animal's neck in the same 

 relation as would a man's body if stretched in bed and not permitted to 

 turn. The moveable stanchion or tie is much to be preferred. The 

 stable should have plenty of windows. Light is the cheapest disinfectant, 

 and with plenty of windows it can act all the time and not being dependent 

 upon the memory of an employe, or the feeling that it is costing something: 

 without giving adequate returns. It does possess an advantage that some 

 either fail to appreciate or must feel that it costs too much, that it does 

 make it easier for both the stock and the helpers to find their way. 



All stables should be disinfected regularly whether disease has occurred 

 or not. It is a precaution that should be followed as regularly and for the 

 same reasons as the careful housekeeper cleans house. For disinfection 

 there is probably nothing better than good whitewash. It will destroy the 

 germs with which it comes in contact, makes the place whiter and there- 

 fore lighter for the constant destruction of germs. After once being ap- 

 plied it is necessary to re-apply in order to keep the place clean and the 

 necessity for cleanliness in this respect will have its influence upon other 

 phases of the dairy work. It is cheap and can be most economically 



