xii CONTENTS 



turgidity in tissues 254. Tensions of the tissues 255. Longitudinal tensions 

 256. Absorption of liquids 257. Absorbing organs 258. Structure of an absorb- 

 ing root 259. Bleeding pressure, and nectarial excretion 260. Measurement of 

 tension of fluids in body of plant 261. Guttation, and action of nectaries 262. 

 Relation of plants to gases 263. Diffusion of gases through coatings of fruits. 

 264. Diffusion through a waxy membrane 265. Diffusion of gases through leaves 



266. Connection of air in cortex and spongy parenchyma of leaves with the at- 

 mosphere through the stomata 267. Connection of air in cortex of branches with 

 atmosphere through lenticels 268. Length of free passages in vessels 269. Per- 

 meability of wood to air 270. Stomata 271. Structure and action of stomata 

 272. Cobalt test for transpiration 273. Use of a differential hygrometer 274. 

 Transpiration 275. Amount of transpiration 276. Determination of transpira- 

 tion by weighing 277. Comparative amount of transpiration of stems and leaves 

 278. Influence of light on transpiration 279. Determination of amount of trans- 

 piration by a potometer 280. Force exerted by transpiring shoots 281. The re- 

 covery of wilted leaves by aid of increased pressure 282. Path of sap through 

 stems 283. Demonstration of path of sap 284. Comparison of the capacity of 

 old and new wood for conducting water 285. Rate of ascent of sap through stems 



286. Mechanism by which water is conducted upward through stems. 



XL NUTRITIVE METABOLISM 217-249. 



287. Essential constituents of the food of plants 288. Structure and arrange- 

 ment of living matter 289. Chemical properties of the cell 290. Functional re- 

 lations of the cell components 291. Nutritive elements obtained from the soil by 

 green plants 292. Water cultures 293. Absorption and use of carbon 294. 

 Demonstration of the accumulated product of photosyntheis : iodine test 295. Ac- 

 curate estimation of the amount of carbohydrates in leaves in darkness and light 

 296. Growth of plants in darkness, and in air lacking carbon dioxide 297. Cul- 

 tures of plants in atmosphere lacking carbon dioxide 298. Conditions affecting 

 photosynthesis 299. Influence of amount of carbon dioxide upon the amount of 

 photosynthesis 300. Influence of temperatures upon photosynthesis 301. In- 

 fluence of various portions of the spectrum upon photosynthesis 302. Volu- 

 metric estimation of atmospheric gases 303. Photosynthesis by bacteria 304. 

 Chemosynthesis of carbohydrates 305. Chemosynthesis of nitrogenous substances 



306. Translocation of plastic material 307. Channels for the conduction of 

 plastic material 308. Translocation of carbohydrate from leaves 309. Storage of 

 reserve food 310. Determination of the storage substances in a plant 311. For- 

 mation of storage organs and deposition of reserve material 312. Special types of 

 nutrition 313. Nutrition of a saprophyte 314- Mycorhizas : associations of higher 

 plants and saprophytic fungi 3 J 5- Arrangement of components of lichens 316. 

 Relations of a fungous parasite to its host 317. Relations of a phanerogamous para- 

 site and its host. 



XII. RESPIRATION, FERMENTATION, AND DIGESTION 250-275. 



318. Derivation and conservation of energy 319. Aerobes 320. Demonstra- 

 tion of excretion of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration 321. Ready method 

 of estimation of the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled 322. Incomplete combustion 

 in oily seeds 323. Excretion of carbon dioxide in the anaerobic respiration of an 

 aerobe 324. Decrease of dry wieght by respiration 325. Anaerobes 326. Esti- 

 mation of the amount of carbon dioxide given off, and oxygen absorbed during respi- 

 ration 327. Estimation of atmospheric gases with Bonnier and Mangin apparatus 

 328. Influence of temperature upon respiration 329. Estimation of the respiratory 

 quotient 330. Respiration of oily seeds 331. Respiration of peas 332. Produc- 

 tion of heat in respiration 333. Production of heat in fermentation 334. Products 



