92 E VOL UTION AND DISEASE. 



cases they may have obtained them from man, but in 

 the majority of instances, especially the pendulous 

 auricles of fauns, the goat furnished the model. This is 

 illustrated in the faun from the Capitol, for we see by 

 the side of the faun a goat with cervical auricles clearly 

 and unmistakably represented (fig. 48), and on the 

 faun's shoulders a goat's skin is thrown. The goat 

 element in the composition of these satyrs is evident in 

 more ways than one ; the segipans are goat-legged and 

 their tails are excellent copies of that appendage in the 

 goat. Be this as it may, we are bound to admit that the 

 old sculptors were close observers of nature. 



The grounds for regarding these congenital appen- 

 dages in man as auricles may be thus summarized : 



1. Embryology teaches that they grow like the normal 

 pinna from the swollen edge of a branchial cleft, and are 

 thus homologous with opercula. 



2. Frequently such auricles surmount the cutaneous 

 orifice of a congenital branchial fistula. 



3. When nofistulae are present, the situation they occupy 

 corresponds to that of the third or fourth branchial cleft. 

 Most frequently it is the third cleft, that is, in the middle 

 of the neck, corresponding to the anterior border of the 

 sterno-mastoid muscle. The fourth cleft opens near the 

 sterno-clavicular articulation. 



4. Structurally they correspond to the normal pinna. 



5. Not infrequently one member of a family will have 

 persistent branchial fistulae, whilst another has cervical 

 auricles, and a third a fistula and cervical auricle. 



Before leaving the consideration of the changes which 

 result from the transformation of aquatic into land 



