EXPRESSION. 49 



of the means adopted to reach the goal is expressed 

 by such words as " direct " or " roundabout." 



There remains only the metaphoric use of words 

 referring to height to be explained of all the list 

 with which we began. Here another principle 

 comes into play : we have not to do with a common 

 idea of various application, but with two distinct 

 ideas associated by circumstance. Because the sky 

 and the natural sources of light are above, because 

 vegetable life attracts attention most by growth 

 above the surface of the ground, because the visible 

 products of putrefaction sink down and become 

 buried over, because dead bodies fall, because in 

 activity we stand up, and in rest lie down, and 

 because a lofty position commands attention and 

 gives physical advantages, therefore a host of 

 associations grow up in the human mind, by which 

 " upward " represents the good, the great, and the 

 living, " downward " the evil and the dead. In the 

 same manner, indeed more directly, we associate 

 impressions through the organs of sense with im- 

 pressions from the moral world similarly pleasant 

 or otherwise, as in the case of sweetness, bitterness, 

 brightness and gloom. 



2. Emotions to which such words as we have 

 been considering have application are indicated 



by the attitudes, gestures, and movements of body 



D 



