50 EXPRESSION. 



expressed by the same words. More shortly, the 

 workings of the mind are expressed by attitudes, 

 gestures, and movements of body of a nature cor- 

 relative with them. 



That which we like we desire to be near to, what 

 we dislike we seek to avoid ; but it is not merely 

 on these accounts that we bend the body forwards 

 and approach that which pleases us, while we 

 retreat or draw our head and body back from what 

 is offensive. In numerous instances such move- 

 ments and gestures are made not from any notion 

 of achieving a purpose, and still less from an 

 inherited habit founded in their utility to real or 

 supposed ancestors, but simply from the close con- 

 nection subsisting between movement towards an 

 object and mental attraction to it, or between 

 movement away from an object and a feeling of 

 repulsion. 



A similar remark holds good with regard to 

 movement of the arms, which perform gestures of 

 receiving and rejecting. It may be mentioned in 

 passing that so far as these are performed from 

 the shoulder, they are accomplished respectively by 

 the pectoralis major muscle, which might be termed 

 the muscle of embrace, and the latissimus dorsi 

 muscle, which might be called the muscle of rejec- 

 tion. Lift the arm into the position which places the 



