FOSSIL EEMAINS OF MAN. 159 



" There is no reason whatever for regarding the un- 

 usual development of the frontal sinuses in the remarkable 

 skull from the Neanderthal as an individual or pathologi- 

 cal deformity ; it is unquestionably a typical race-charac- 

 ter, and is physiologically connected with the uncommon 

 thickness of the other bones of the skeleton, which exceeds 

 by about one-half the usual proportions. This expansion 

 of the frontal sinuses, which are appendages of the air- 

 passages, also indicates an unusual force and power of en- 

 durance in the movements of the body, as may be con- 

 cluded from the size of all the ridges and processes for the 

 attachment of the muscles or bones. That this conclusion 

 may be drawn from the existence of large frontal sinuses, 

 and a prominence of the lower frontal region, is confirmed 

 in many ways by other observations. By the same char- 

 acters, according to Pallas, the wild horse is distinguished 

 from the domesticated, and, according to Cuvier, the fossil 

 cave-bear from every recent species of bear, whilst, accord- 

 ing to Koulin, the pig, which has become wild in America, 

 and regained a resemblance to the wild boar, is thus dis- 

 tinguished from the same animal in the domesticated 

 state, as is the chamois from the goat ; and, lastly, the 

 bull-dog, which is characterised by its large bones and 

 strongly-developed muscles from every other kind of dog. 

 The estimation of the facial angle, the determination of 

 which, according to Professor Owen, is also difficult in the 

 great apes, owing to the very prominent supra-orbital 

 ridges, in the present case is rendered still more difficult 

 from the absence both of the auditory opening and of the 

 nasal spine. But if the proper horizontal position of the 

 skull be taken from the remaining portions of the orbital 

 plates, and the ascending line made to touch the surface 

 of the frontal bone behind the prominent snpra-orbital 



