FOSSIL REMAINS OF MAN. 183 



indeed, though truly the most pithecoid of known human 

 skulls, the Neanderthal cranium is by no means so isolated 

 as it appears to be at first, but forms, in reality, the ex- 

 treme term of a series leading gradually from it to the 

 highest and best developed of human crania. On the one 

 hand, it is closely approached by the flattened Australian 

 skulls, of which I have spoken, from which other Austra- 

 lian forms lead us gradually up to skulls having very much 

 the type of the Engis cranium. And, on the other hand, 

 it is even more closely affined to the skulls of certain an- 

 cient people who inhabited Denmark during the ' stone 

 period,' and were probably either contemporaneous with, 

 or later than, the makers of the * refuse heaps,' or ' Kjok- 

 kenmoddings ' of that country. 



The correspondence between the longitudinal contour 

 of the Neanderthal skull and that of some of those skulls 

 from the tumuli at Borreby, very accurate drawings of 

 which have been made by Mr. Bask, is very close. The 

 occiput is quite as retreating, the supraciliary ridges are 

 nearly as prominent, and the skull is as low. Further- 

 more, the Borreby skull resembles the Neanderthal form 

 more closely than any of the Australian skulls do, by the 

 much more rapid retrocession of the forehead. On the 

 other hand, the Borreby skulls are all somewhat broader, 

 in proportion to their length, than the Neanderthal skull, 

 while some attain that proportion of breadth to length 

 (80 : 100) which constitutes brachycephaly. 



In conclusion, I may say, that the fossil remains of 

 Man hitherto discovered do not seem to me to take us ap- 

 preciably nearer to that lower pithecoid form, by the 

 modification of which he has, probably, become what he 

 is. And considering what is now known of the most an- 

 cient Eaces of men ; seeing that they fashioned flint axes 



