THE EVOLUTION OF MAN 



ice of Siberia. We have also found the skulls 

 and bones of those men, so that we now have 

 a fairly good idea of their characteristics, in spite 

 of the fact that all written and oral traditions 

 of the civilized nations now living have com- 

 pletely forgotten their ancestors of the ice age. 

 Even the most sublime symbolical picture of the 

 evolution of civilization, the Bible, does not men- 

 tion them anywhere. 



But those simple stone tools, especially knives 

 and arrowheads, which give us such reliable 

 information of man as the contemporary of the 

 mammoth, are occasionally found also in the 

 strata of rock which were already present when 

 the ice age with its glaciers and mammoths be- 

 gan. We find in them remains of that most prim- 

 itive human civilization, together with bones of 

 a giant elephant, who was not only larger and 

 of different form than the mammoth, but also 

 older the so-called South-elephant (Elephas 

 meridionalis.) But this South-elephant was still 

 living in laurel groves and under magnolia blos- 

 soms in France and Germany, instead of feeding 

 on reindeer lichens on the edges of the glaciers. 

 With this elephant we have come into the middle 

 of the genuine Tertiary period. This Tertiary 

 period, the more we follow it backwards, takes 



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