60 NATIONALITY AND RACE 



area of Russia and in Poland, the older population 

 was longer-headed, as long-headed as the inhabitants 

 of Great Britain, the replacement by the modern 

 rounder-headed people being an event that comes 

 well into historical times, that has not yet completely 

 altered Poland and that has affected Finland least 

 of all. Austria, Hungary and Russia are in fact the 

 headquarters of the Alpine race in Europe, almost 

 as much as Spain is the headquarters of the Mediter- 

 ranean race. Russia contains in addition surviving 

 elements of the Nordic race and a few scattered 

 centres of extreme Mongol types such as the Lapps. 

 Germany and Scandinavia. Until soon after the 

 Franco-German War, it was the general belief 

 that the German Empire was the home of a special 

 race, the Teutonic race, long-headed, tall and 

 blond. This view was made the basis of a national 

 or political campaign and was the foundation of 

 Pan-Teutonism. It still survives in the popular 

 imagination, in the writings of some famous historians 

 like Treitschke, of romantic idealists like Nietzsche, 

 and of pretentious blunderers like Houston Chamber- 

 lain, the latter probably the least reliable of all who 

 have peddled so-called philosophy to the public. In 

 actual fact it is erroneous, but the position has been 

 made clear only after a long and bitter controversy. 

 Soon after the Franco-German War, de Quatrefages, 

 in a pamphlet entitled The Prussian Race, which was 

 deliberately controversial in tone and intended to 

 annoy the triumphant German, alleged that the 

 dominant people in Germany were not Teutons but 

 were descended from the Finns, and even in Germany 

 were alien barbarians ruling by the sword. Virchow 



