iv DOMESTICATION AND CIVILIZATION 169 



definite relation between the degree of civilisation in 

 man and the condition of his domestic animals. 

 Many savages at the present time are yet devoid of 

 domestic animals, although they possess hunting and 

 fishing implements, and have even some cultivated 

 plants. " Where man is much civilised, domestic 

 animals are varied, either as species or as races of the 

 same species ; and among races many exist which 

 differ greatly from one another and depart greatly 

 from the original type. On the contrary where man 

 is himself not far removed from the wild condition, 

 his animals are also very near to the feral state ; his 

 woolless sheep is nearly a moufflon, his hog resembles 

 a boar, his dog itself is no more than a tame jackal, 

 and so on with the others if he possesses any more." 



I think none will dispute the accuracy of this state- 

 ment. 



Some animals have, from the Cambrian to the Qua- 

 ternary epoch, varied but in a very slight degree, such 

 as Nautilus, and some fossil forms which lived in 

 cretaceous times, are yet living in the depths of the 

 present seas. Generally speaking, according to Gaudry 

 and Lyell, the group of molluscs is less variable than 

 that of mammals, and among molluscs Gasteropods 

 vary more than Lamellibranchs, and among Gastero- 

 pods, Siphonostomata have varied more than Holo- 

 stomata. Among mammals, Artiodactyls and Perisso- 



