194 EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION LECT. 



that celebrated work Recherches sur la Production 

 A rtificielle des Monstruosites ; ou, Essais de Ttratogtnie 

 Exptrimentale?- While Swammerdam 2 seems to have 

 been the first to try to produce monstrosities in 

 animals through experimental means, M. C. Dareste 

 has been the first to investigate the subject in a 

 precise manner, and he may indeed be called the 

 founder of experimental teratogeny. All his 

 methods, which are of a very simple sort, are 

 described in his work ; they all have reference, as well 

 as most of his investigations, to experiments on the 

 eggs of birds, and they consist : (a) in placing the 

 eggs in a vertical instead of a horizontal position ; (b) in 

 covering part of the shell with some substance which 

 resists the penetration of air ; (c) in keeping the eggs 

 at temperatures which are slightly below or above 

 that of normal incubation ; (d) in heating at different 

 temperatures any two parts of the same egg. These 

 methods have enabled M. Dareste to produce a large 

 number of teratological specimens, many varieties of 

 which were previously unknown, and the results 

 obtained are very important in the discussion of many 

 of the higher problems of natural science. But much 

 remains to be done on the lines of investigation thus 

 opened, and the main problem to be solved is that of 



1 Paris, 1877 > 2n d edition in 1891. Reinwald. 



8 Unfortunately, no record has been found of his experiments. 



