40 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



Fiume facilitates the export of Hungarian flour, 

 which is now largely consumed in England. 

 The new beet-sugar culture and manufacture 

 are not sufficient to supply the home demand ; 

 but high-wines and refined spirits are exported 

 as far as Spain. The wine production repays 

 the encouragement bestowed upon it by the 

 Government. The wines are produced in 

 greater quantities, and of better and more uni- 

 form quality, and are shipped by the cargo to 

 Bordeaux to replace the diminished growths of 

 France. The number of persons engaged in in- 

 dustrial occupations proper increased between 

 1870 and 1880 from 784,378 to 908,958, or 

 14 per cent., while the whole population in- 

 creased only by a small fraction. 



Manufactures. Unable to resort to protection, 

 owing to the customs-union with Austria, Hun- 

 gary employed other methods of encouraging 

 industry. Hungarian manufacturers have the 

 preference in Government and municipal or- 

 ders, if they can produce articles of satisfactory 

 quality. In the iron industry there are the im- 

 perial railroad works at Oravicza and Resitza, 

 for which the best technical skill in France was 

 imported; the shops of the Hungarian state 

 railroad, which excel in the production of iron 

 bridges ; and various private establishments 

 which stand on the highest plane of technical 

 art. Leather, paper, pottery, and glass are also 

 manufactured successfully on a large scale; but 

 the important branch of textile industry is 

 represented only by factories which subsist on 

 the Government commissions for the supply 

 of the army, although the country 'produces 

 an abundance of wool of superior quality. By 

 a law which went into effect on Jan. 1, 1882, 

 industrial establishments which found new in- 

 dustries, or utilize products previously wasted, 

 are exempted from all public dues and taxes. 

 This and other measures of the kind led to the 

 establishment of some two hundred factories 

 in new branches. In museums, industrial exhi- 

 bitions, a national school of mechanical draw- 

 ing, a. technical school for wood- workers, in- 

 dustrial evening-schools, etc., the Government 

 has co-operated with private individuals in fos- 

 tering technical education and industrial art. 

 A review of the industrial progress already at- 

 tained is to be made in a national exposition 

 in 1885. 



Live-Stork. The live-stock census of the em- 

 pire shows that horned cattle, which decreased 

 between 1857 and 1869, increased between the 

 latter date and 1880 from 7,425,212 to 8,584,- 

 077; while sheep, in consequence of the Aus- 

 tralian production, decreased from 5,020,398 

 to 3,841,340. American competition and the 

 German protective tariff are beginning to ex- 

 ercise a depressing effect on the wheat- grow- 

 ing, flour-milling, and cattle-raising interests of 

 Hungary and Austria. There have been actual 

 importations of American wheat. 



Mining. The total net value of the product 

 of the mines and furnaces, after deducting the 

 value of the ores, together with that of the sa- 



lines, was 83,790,373 florins in 1881, as against 

 79,988,819 florins in 1880. 



Railways. The total length of railways in 

 the empire, open to traffic in 1882, was 11,480 

 miles, of which 7,130 were in Austria and 

 4,350 in Hungary. There were, besides, 177 

 miles in Bosnia. The length of railway owned 

 or operated by the state, at the close of 1881, 

 was 2,912 kilometres, or 24 per cent, of the 

 total mileage. To this was added on the 1st 

 of January, 1882, the Empress Elizabeth rail- 

 road, 922 kilometres in length, which was taken 

 over into the management of the state under 

 a convention providing for its eventual acqui- 

 sition. On the 1st of July, 1882, a railroad 

 bureau was created for the direction of the 

 state railroads. The total receipts of the Aus- 

 tro-Hungarian railroads in 1881 were 215,- 

 950,000 florins, of which 47,950,000 florins were 

 from passengers, and 168,000,000 florins from 

 freight. 



Telegraphs. The length of telegraph lines in 

 1881 was 21,735 miles in Austria, with 56,862 

 miles of wires, and 9,032 miles in Hungary, 

 with 32,380 miles of wires. The number of 

 messages carried in 1881 was 8,865,030, in- 

 cluding 584,059 official dispatches. 



Post-Office. The number of letters forwarded 

 by the post-office in 1881 was 248,509,000, 

 besides 47,858,000 postal-cards in Austria, and 

 in Hungary 74,218,000 letters and 13,623,000 

 postal- cards. 



Shipping. The merchant marine in 1882 

 numbered 70 ocean-steamers, of 16,145 horse- 

 power and 62,387 tons ; 42 coasting-steamers, 

 of 2,179 horse-power and 4,472 tons; and 

 8,294 sailing-vessels and fisliing-smacks of 259,- 

 970 tons. The crews numbered 27,187 men. 

 The Austro-Hungarian Lloyd, which owns the 

 large steamers and does the greater part of the 

 carrying trade between Austria and the East 

 through 'the Suez canal, receives a subsidy of 

 1,730,000 florins per annum. 



The number of vessels entering the Austrian 

 and Hungarian ports, Trieste and Fiume, in 

 1881, was 47,045, of 5,911,885 aggregate ton- 

 nage, of which 19,415, of 4,947,399 tons, were 

 steamers; the number of departures was 46,- 

 907, tonnage 5,913,720, cf which 19,392, of 

 4,942,078 tons, were steamers. The tonnage 

 entering Austro-Hungarian ports under the 

 national flag was 5,197,855 ; under the British 

 flag, 402,164; under the Italian, 201,603. 



Finance. The budget estimates of revenue 

 and expenditures for common affairs in 1882 

 place the total at 117,149,549 florins, of which 

 the contributions from the two halves of the 

 empire make up 113,824,679 florins (one florin 

 = 50 cents). Of the total sum, 101,591,380 flor- 

 ins are devoted to the army, 9,177,829 florins 

 to the navy, 4,328,900 florins to the diplomatic 

 service, 1,926,040 florins to the financial ad- 

 ministration, and 125,400 florins, to the finan- 

 cial control. 



The estimates for 1883 make the expendi- 

 tures 184,661,988 florins, of which 102,413,318 



