88 CANADA, DOMINION OF. 



CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFKICA. 



Pacific Railway, from any point at or near the 

 Canada Pacific Railway, except such line as 

 shall run southwest, nor to within fifteen miles 

 of latitude 49. And in the establishment of 

 any new province in the Northwest Territories 

 provision shall be made for continuing such 

 prohibition." This clause was intended to bar 

 the entrance into the United States of any 

 other road; in other words, to force trade 

 through Canada via the Canada Pacific Rail- 

 way, or, if through the United States, over 

 their lines. The province of Manitoba claims 

 that, as it was organized as a province before 

 the passage of that act, the clause is of no effect 

 in its territory ; therefore rival lines are being 

 projected to the Dakota border from Manitoba. 



The lands of the company in the Northwest 

 are offered on terms as favorable as the Gov- 

 ernment's, and already some millions of acres 

 have been disposed of. 



Recent investigations, coupled with the ex- 

 perience of 200 years, have proved that Hud- 

 son bay is navigable, and its ports are open for 

 at least six months each year. This route is 

 attracting attention among capitalists and busi- 

 ness men in Great Britain, and two railways 

 are in course of construction from Winnipeg 

 to York Factory. The distance from Liverpool 

 to York Factory, or Fort York, is a little less 

 than to Montreal. 



Canals. The canal system of Canada is ex- 

 tensive, locks being required to overcome the 

 rapids on the St. Lawrence river as well as 

 Niagara Falls. These are the important canals 

 of Canada, but minor ones are in use to render 

 navigable the Ottawa, the Rideau to Kingston, 

 the Trent river and lakes, the Richelieu to 

 Lake Champlain, and thence to Albany, and 

 other waters. The Trent valley, the Georgian 

 bay and Ontario, or the Huron and Ontario 

 canal, is intended ultimately to connect the 

 Georgian bay waters with those of Lake On- 

 tario. 



The following table indicates the cost of the 

 canals from the outset, as well as their earn- 

 ings for the year 1882 : 



Art Education. Industrial drawing finds a 

 place in the programme of school studies of 



every province of the Dominion. The object 

 aimed at is practical drawing. Nothing of a 

 purely artistic nature is taught in the public 

 schools, but only such drawing as can be done 

 by all who attend school. Teachers are com- 

 pelled to pass an examination on this subject 

 before obtaining their certificates. 



Art education, in the strictest sense of the 

 application of the term art, is not neglected. 

 In both Ontario and Quebec the Government 

 makes a liberal grant in aid of art-schools. In 

 Ontario there are three of these special schools of 

 art in Toronto, London, and Ottawa. In Que- 

 bec there are a number of smaller institutions 

 aided by the Government grant, which is made 

 through the Society of Arts and Manufactures. 

 The Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise 

 did a great deal for the encouragement of paint- 

 ing in Canada, and it was through their inter- 

 est in the subject that the Royal Academy of 

 Artists was established. This society holds an 

 annual exhibition in some of the large cities of 

 the Dominion, and has done much to develop 

 the taste of the people, and to direct general 

 attention to the subject of art. 



Medical .Education. The various medical col- 

 leges throughout the Dominion are in a very 

 efficient condition as regards the theoretical 

 part of the work, but not quite so fully up to 

 the present requirements of complete medical 

 education in a practical point of view. In all 

 the universities and colleges a full four-years' 

 course of study is required, and in some of the 

 colleges there is a summer session. On the 

 more important subjects as medicine, surgery, 

 and anatomy there are two courses of six 

 months each. The degrees and licenses grant- 

 ed by the different universities and colleges in 

 Canada are accepted by licensing bodies of 

 Britain, and admit the holder of such degree 

 or license to examination for a qualification to 

 practice in Britain without further attendance 

 upon lectures. A student who obtains the 

 degree of M. B. or M. D. from a Canadian 

 university, is not eligible for practice until he 

 has also obtained the diploma of the licensing 

 body for the province in which he intends to 

 practice. On account of this regulation, nearly 

 all the students take the examinations of the 

 university with which their college is affiliated, 

 and also that of the Council of the College of 

 Physicians and Surgeons, for the necessary 

 license to practice. Students must spend at 

 least three winter sessions in hospital work, 

 and at least six months of a summer term with 

 a regular physician in practical compounding 

 and dispensing, in order to be admitted to the 

 final examination of the council. No qualifi- 

 cation whatever from the United States admits 

 to practice in Canada; and only such from 

 Britain as can be registered there as a qualifi- 

 cation in medicine and surgery. 



CAPE COLONY AND SOIJTH AFRICA. The Cape 

 of Good Hope is a British colony at the south- 

 ern extremity of the continent of Africa. It 

 was first settled by the Dutch, and passed into 



