358 



FRANCE. 



1850 and 1860, and after a slight recovery de- 

 clining again to 84,206 in 1869. In 1870 there 

 was an excess of deaths amounting to 108,894, 

 and in 1871 to 444,889, succeeded by a surplus 

 of births amounting to 172,937 in 1872, and 

 continuing in the following years. 



The number of foreigners in France increased 

 from 379,289 in 1851 to 1,001,110 in 1881. The 

 Belgians increased from 128,103 in 1851 to 

 374,498 in 1876 ; the Italians, from 76,539 to 

 165,313 ; the Swiss, from 25,485 to 50,203 ; the 

 English, from 20,357 to 30,077; 545,495 of the 

 foreign population resided in Paris, Marseilles, 

 and in the district of Lille. 



In 1872 98 per cent, of the population were 

 Catholics, 1*6 per cent. Protestants. 0*14 per 

 cent. Israelites, and 0'23 of no declared faith. 



The division of the population into profes- 

 sional classes was as follows in 1881 : 



OCCUPATION. Number. 



Agriculture 18,204,799 



Industry 9,324,107 



Commerce 3,843,447 



Transportation and navigation 800,741 



Public service 552,851 



Liberal professions 1,629,768 



Living on their incomes 2,143,173 



Of no profession 727,533 



Occupation unknown 173,816 



Total 37,405,290 



Algeria. The area of Algeria is 667,065 square 

 kilometres ; that of the three departments of 

 Algiers, Oran, and Constantine, 318,384 square 

 kilometres. The population in 1881 was 3,310,- 

 412, or 10 per square kilometre of the three 

 departments. The population comprised 233,- 

 937 French, 35,665 naturalized Israelites, 2,850,- 

 866 native Mussulmans, and 189,944 foreign- 

 ers; of the latter number 114,320 were Span- 

 iards, 33,693 Italians, 15,402 English and 

 Maltese, 4,201 Germans, and 22,328 of other 

 nationalities. The population of the principal 

 towns in 1881 was as follows : Algiers, 70,747 ; 

 Oran, 58,530; Constantine, 38,379; B6ne, 21,- 

 974; Tlemcen, 18,376; Philippeville, 15,580. 



The net immigration in 1880 was 17,436; in 

 1879, 23,304. 



In the budget for 1879 the total receipts are 

 stated as 37,181,872 francs, and the total ex- 

 penditures as 35,630,590. 



The returns of the general commerce in 1879 

 give the imports as 272,100,000 francs, of 

 which 164,400,000 francs came from France, 

 13,927,000 francs from the Barbary states, 

 8,249,000 francs from Spain, and 6,610,000 

 francs from England. The exports were re- 

 turned as 151,900,000 francs in amount, of 

 which 123,838,000 francs went to France, 17,- 

 875,000 francs to Spain, and 13,516,000 francs 

 to England. Natural products constituted 66,- 

 448,000 francs of the total value of imports 

 and 136,961,000 francs of the exports; manu- 

 factured articles, 236,987,000 francs of the 

 imports and 31,874,000 francs of the exports. 



The railroad mileage in the beginning of 

 1883 was 1,531 kilometres, besides 206 kilo- 

 metres in Tunisian territory and 40 kilometres 

 of industrial lines. The receipts in 1880 were 



12,139,439 francs; in 1881, 14,475,352 francs; 

 in 1882, 16,405,552 francs. 



The length of telegraph lines in 1882 was 

 5,832 kilometres; of wires, 13,885 kilometres. 



In order to procure land for the colonization 

 of Algeria by a European population, which 

 will give security to the French dominion and 

 develop the agricultural resources of the coun- 

 try, the Government has been obliged to pro- 

 ceed to the expropriation of the tribal lands of 

 the nomadic Arabs and a part of those of the 

 sheep-growing Kabyles of the mountains. Crit- 

 ics of the Government complain that the pro- 

 ceeding is a breach of the capitulations of 1830, 

 which insured the preservation of property- 

 rights as well as religious protection to the 

 native Mohammedans. It is not intended to 

 take the lands without compensation, nor to 

 reduce the grazing-lands of the nomads below 

 the limits of their own requirements. The 

 scheme was postponed by the vote of the 

 Chamber in the final action on the budget. 



Tunis. A French protectorate was instituted 

 over the regency of Tunis by the treaty of 

 Kasr-el-Said, signed May 12, 1881. The de- 

 crees of April 22, 1882, for the enforcement of 

 the treaty provide that the different ministries 

 in France shall control the corresponding ser- 

 vices in Tunisia, imparting their instructions to 

 the resident minister in Tunis through the me- 

 dium of the Bureau of Tunisian Affairs, after 

 first communicating them to the Minister of 

 Foreign Affairs, who examines them with re- 

 gard to their effect on international relations. 



The reigning Bey is Sidi Ali Pasha, who 

 succeeded his brother, Mohammed-es-Sadok, 

 Oct. 28, 1882. His Prime Minister is Moham- 

 med Khasnadar. The French Minister Eesident 

 is P. Cambon. 



The area of Tunisia is about 116,348 square 

 kilometres. The population is about 2,100,000, 

 of whom 45,000 are Israelites, -25,100 Catho- 

 lics, 500 Greek Catholics and Protestants, and 

 the rest Mohammedans. The capital, Tunis, 

 contains 125,000 inhabitants. 



The budget for 1874-75 provided 5,577,625 

 francs for the service of the public debt, and 

 only 151,325 francs for the general adminis- 

 tration of the. Government. The foreign debt 

 was reduced to about 125,000,000 francs by 

 the European Financial Commission, which 

 was charged with the complete administration 

 of the finances. The Bey engaged to reserve 

 certain revenues, notably those of the customs, 

 for the payment of the interest and eventual 

 extinction of the debt. The revenue was aug- 

 mented by increasing the general tariff on im- 

 ports in June, 1872, from 3 to 8 per cent. The 

 French, after the occupation, did not interfere 

 with the Finance Commission, which has been 

 working since 1869. But in 1883 a conven- 

 tion with the Bey was ratified, whereby the 

 financial administration should be transferred 

 to France, and the public debt guaranteed by 

 her. England withdrew her objections. Tax- 

 es have been collected more efficiently under 



