FRANCE. 



359 



French supervision than under native rule. 

 The revenue and expenditure are reported in 

 a statement of the president to have been for 

 the year ending with June, 1882, 12,562,750 

 and 9,760,000 francs respectively. Of the ex- 

 penditure the interest and administration of 

 the debt are given as 7,530,100 francs. The 

 cost of the general administration of the coun- 

 try is stated at about 1,750,000 francs more 

 than before the occupation. The cost of main- 

 taining the Frencl) army of occupation is given 

 in an extraordinary budget as 1,500,000 francs. 

 The expense is borne partjy by Tunis and part- 

 ly by the French Government. 



The Bey has a regular army of 2,000 or 3,000 

 men and an irregular army of some 10,000, 

 comprising 3,000 Karouglia, the descendants 

 of the Turkish Janizaries, 5,000 zouaves, 1,500 

 mounted spahis, and 500 gendarmes. The ar- 

 my is deplorably equipped. The French have 

 organized twelve mixed companies, half of 

 French and half of native soldiers. 



The French army of occupation numbers 11,- 

 000 infantry, 1,600 cavalry, and 800 artillery 

 with 12 batteries. 



The foreign commerce is carried on mainly 

 with Italy, France, and Great Britain. The 

 imports average about $5,500,000, the exports 

 $6,500,000. The chief articles of export are 



alfa, or Esparto-grass, for making paper, which 

 is shipped largely to Great Britain, and olive- 

 oil ; after which come olives, sponges, legumes, 

 wool, cattle, salted fish, dates, fezes, wax, etc. 

 There were about 166 miles of railroad and 

 600 miles of telegraphs July 1, 1882. 



The administration of the country is practi- 

 cally under the direction of the French resi- 

 dent, or charge d'affaires. The French Gov- 

 ernment appointed numerous commissioners 

 to examine into the various details of the ad- 

 ministration and devise plans of improvement. 

 The country is divided into twenty-two sec- 

 tions, each of which is under the command of 

 a French military officer. In August, 1882, 

 French judges were appointed to supersede 

 the consular courts, but before they could enter 

 upon their functions the consent of the great 

 powers to the abrogation of the capitulations 

 was necessary. Great Britain objected, but 

 after the Egyptian occupation consented, in 

 1883. 



The Colonies* The statistics of the other colo- 

 nies and protectorates of France are summa- 

 rized in the following table, giving their area 

 in square kilometres, population, the value of 

 their foreign commerce in 1880 in thousands 

 of francs, and their budgets, as far as reported, 

 for 1882, in thousands of francs: 



The subventions from the French Govern- 

 ment amounted to 1,233,000 francs, leaving 

 37,799,000 francs as the total revenue raised 

 in the colonies. If the total colonial budget ot 

 30,696,000 francs and credits entered in the na- 

 val budget are added, the total colonial expendi- 

 tures amounted to 98,495,000 francs. The to- 

 tal area of the colonies and protectorates, ex- 

 clusive of Algeria and Tunis, is 547,912 square 

 kilometres; their population, 4,222,654. 



The tonnage entered at French ports in 1882 . 

 was 12,448,385, 4,024,296 French and 8,424,- 

 089 foreign, as against 11,882.471 tons, 3,919,- 

 562 French and 7,962,909 foreign, in 1881; 

 tonnage cleared, 7,852,615, 3,577,567 of French 

 and 4,275,048 of foreign registry, as against 

 7,539,022 tons, 3,354,915 French and 4,184,- 

 107 foreign, in 1881. 



The number of vessels, tonnage, and num- 

 ber of crews in the French merchant marine at 

 the beginning of 1881 were as follow : 



Commerce. The following table exhibits the 

 annual value of the special commerce from 

 1877 to 1882, and the average for the three 

 decennial periods preceding, in millions of 

 francs and tenths of millions : 



