GERMANY. 



staple crops. Much of the truck -land was used 

 for cotton aad corn, after the truck-crops. 



State University. The sum of $50,000 offered 

 to the State University by Senator Brown in 

 1882, upon certain conditions, which were not 

 accepted by the Legislature (see " Annual Cyclo- 

 pedia " for 1882), was this year given by him 

 to the institution, and accepted by it. 



Oglethorpe Celebration. On the 13th of Feb- 

 ruary, the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary 

 of the landing of the first colonists under Ogle- 

 thorpe, the founding of the city of Savannah, 

 and the birth of the State of Georgia, were 

 celebrated in Savannah. Thousands of people 

 from all sections of the country were present. 

 Gov. Stephens delivered an address on Georgia's 

 history, and a poem, written by Paul Hayne, 

 was read by Gen. Jackson. 



Education. In all cities and counties there 

 was paid, in 1882, as follows : To teachers of 

 white schools, $381,586.16 ; to teachers of col- 

 ored schools, $151,428.26 ; total, $533,014.42. 

 The poll-tax paid by white tax-payers in 1882 

 amounted to $123,518, and that paid by col- 

 ored tax-payers was $5 9,405. The school-taxes 

 obtained from rental of the Western and At- 

 lantic road, from inspection of fertilizers, from 

 shows, from liquor-dealers, from hire of con- 

 victs, etc., in all of which the negroes pay 

 a large proportion, amount to $125,953.36. 

 There are 1,100 negroes and 100 white men in 

 the penitentiary. Hence eleven twelfths of 

 the hire of convicts comes out of the negroes. 

 Fees for inspecting fertilizers are really paid 

 by farmers, and the custom now is to make 

 negro farm-laborers pay their part of the ex- 

 penses of fertilizers. A recapitulation of what 

 negroes contribute to the public-school fund 

 stands : Poll-tax, $59,405 ; proportion of taxes 

 from other sources, $65,722.70; total, $125,- 

 127.70. Taking this aggregate from $151,- 

 428.26, the amount paid to teachers of colored 

 schools, there remains $26,300.56 as the entire 

 amount contributed by white tax-payers for 

 the education of colored children. "This," 

 says the commissioner, " was certainly no great 

 burden to property-holders. The negroes re- 

 turned property to the value of $6,589,876. 

 The State tax on this property amounted to 

 $19,769.62. Add this tc $125,127.70, the sum 

 paid by them to the support of their schools, 

 and we have $144,897.32, nearly as much as 

 their schools cost. It is thus shown that the 

 white people, who really hold all the power 

 . of the State government, allowed the negroes 

 for the support of their schools more than the 

 whole amount paid by them for all purposes, 

 and then took upon themselves all other ex- 

 penses of government. The number of pupils 

 in colored schools was 95, 055, in white, 161,384. 

 This gives a per capita for colored children of 

 $1.59, and for white, $2.36." 



GERMANY, an empire in Europe, formed by 

 the union of the German states, consummated 

 May 4, 1871, when the Constitution of the 

 lan Empire replaced the articles of con- 



federation between the North German states 

 and the treaties by which the Grand Duchies 

 of Baden and Hesse and the Kingdoms of Ba- 

 varia and Wiirtemberg entered the League 

 during the Franco-Prussian War. King Wil- 

 helm I was proclaimed German Emperor from 

 Versailles on the 18th of January, 1871, upon 

 the successful termination of the war with 

 France. He was born March 22, 1797, and 

 ascended the Prussian throne on the death 

 of his brother, Jan. 2, 1861. The heir-ap- 

 parent, Friedrich Wilhelm, was born Oct. 18. 

 1831. 



The sovereign powers of the confederation 

 of states forming the empire are vested in 

 the Prussian crown and the Federal Council, 

 but the concurrence of the Parliament, or 

 Reichstag, elected by universal suffrage, is ne- 

 cessary to the exercise of certain functions. 

 The popular assembly possesses, also, certain 

 rights of control over the acts of the Govern- 

 ment. To declare war, if not merely defen- 

 sive, the Emperor must have the consent of 

 the Bundesrath, or Federal Council, in which 

 body, conjointly with the Reichstag, or Diet 

 of the Realm, are vested the legislative func- 

 tions of the empire. The Bundesrath repre- 

 sents the individual states, and the Reichstag 

 the German nation. The members of the 

 Bundesrath, 62 in number, are appointed by 

 the governments of the individual states for 

 each session, while the members of the Reichs- 

 tag, 397 in number, are elected by universal 

 suffrage and by ballot, for the term of three 

 years. The Bundesrath is presided over by 

 the Chancellor of the Empire, who, as repre- 

 sentative of the Bundesrath, has a right to 

 interpose in the deliberations of the Reichstag. 

 Both bodies meet annually, called together by 

 the Emperor. All imperial laws must receive 

 the votes of a majority in both houses. The 

 assent of the Emperor, which must be coun* 

 tersigned by the Chancellor, is necessary to 

 give them effect. 



The Chancellor of the Empire, Prince Otto 

 von Bismarck, fills the posts of President of 

 the Council of Ministers, Minister of Foreign 

 Affairs, and Prussian Minister of Commerce. 

 In the office of Foreign Affairs his chief subor- 

 dinate is Count von Hatzfeldt, Secretary of 

 State, who is also Minister of State in Prussia. 

 The Secretary of State for the Interior is Min- 

 ister von Botticher. The Chief of the Admi- 

 ralty is Lieut.-Gen. von Capsivi, who succeeded 

 Admiral von Stosch, on his retirement, March 

 8, 1883. The Secretary of State for Justice is 

 Dr. von Schelling ; Financial Secretary of 

 State, Von Burchard ; Chief of the Post-Office, 

 Dr. Stephan ; Minister of Railroads and Prus- 

 sian Minister of Public Works,- Dr. Maybach. 



The Prussian ministry is composed as fol- 

 lows : President, Prince Bismarck, Minister of 

 Foreign Affairs and of Commerce ; Vice-Presi- 

 dent, Von Puttkamer, Minister of the Interior ; 

 Public Works, Maybach ; Agriculture and Do- 

 mains and Forests, Dr. Lucius; Justice, Dr. 



