390 



GERMANY. 



Friedberg ; Ecclesiastical Affairs and Public 

 Education, Von Gossler ; Finance, Von Scholtz ; 

 War, Lieut.-Gen. Bronsart von Schellendorff, 

 who succeeded Gen. von Kameke, retired March 

 5, 1883 ; without portfolios, Von Botticher and 

 Count von Hatzfeldt. 



Area and Population. The area of Germany is 

 212,091 square miles. The total population of 

 the 'empire returned in the census of Dec. 1, 

 1880, was 45,234,061, of whom 22,185,433 were 

 males and 23,048,628 females. The number of 

 foreigners was 275,856, of whom 117,574 were 

 born in Austria-Hungary, 28,244 in Switzer- 

 land, 23,593 in Denmark, 17,393 in the Neth- 

 erlands, 17,393 in France, 15,107 in Russia, 

 11,155 in Great Britain and Ireland, 10,326 in 

 the United States. 



The preliminary results of the enumeration 

 of the population with reference to professions 

 and employments, conducted June 5, 1882, 

 were as follow, with the proportion of each 

 class to the total in that year and in 1871, not 

 taking account of the different method of clas- 

 sification : 



The population was divided, as to religious 

 belief at the time of the census, as follows : 



There were 47,720 emigrants who renounced 

 German nationality in 1881, against 28,780 in 

 1880. The number of foreigners naturalized 

 in 1881 was 4,635. The number of emigrants 

 in 1882, as compared with the number in 1881, 

 and the countries of their destination, were as 

 follow : 



which number about 3,250,000 emigrated to 

 the United States. 



The population of the cities with over 100,- 

 000 in 1880 was as follows : 



CITIES. Population. 



Berlin 1,122,330 



Hamburg* 289,859 



Breslau 272,912 



Munich 230,023 



Dresden 220,818 



Leipsic 149,081 



Cologne 144,772 



Konigsberg 140,909 



CITIES. Population. 



Frankfort-on-the- 



Maint 186,819 



Hanover* 122,84* 



Stuttgart 1 17,808 



Bremen 112,458 



Dantzic 108,551 



Strasburg 104,471 



Education. Education is compulsory in all 

 the German states. The elementary schools 

 are supported by the communes. According 

 to the returns of 1878, all recruits of the army 

 could read and write, though in Bavaria and 

 some other parts of South Germany there was 

 a small percentage of them who were deficient 

 in schooling. 



In Freiburg, Munich, Miinster, and Wtirz- 

 burg, Roman Catholic theology is taught, and 

 in Bonn, Breslau, and Tubingen, both Catholic 

 and Protestant; all the other universities are 

 Protestant. There are, besides the students 

 for degrees, non-matriculated students, who in 

 Berlin numbered 1,219. 



Commerce. The values of the main classes 

 of imports and exports in 1881 were as follow, 

 in millions of marks and tenths of millions : 



The total emigration from 1820 to the end of 

 1882 was In the neighborhood of 4,000,000, of 



The imports of cereals were 372, exports 96 

 millions ; imports of fermented liquors 43, ex- 

 ports 75 millions ; imports of live animals and 

 animal products 330f, exports 186f millions. 

 The exports of manufactured products were 

 nearly 90,000,000 marks more than in 1880. 

 There was an increase in pottery and glass, 

 metals r and metal manufactures, machines, 

 leather manufactures, textiles and dress manu- 

 factures, and in all other articles except 

 yarns. 



The effects of the introduction of protective 

 duties on the iron industry were investigated 

 by the Iron and Steel Manufacturers' Associa- 

 tion of Germany. In January, 1879, 325 pri- 

 vate firms and joint-stock companies employed 

 153,979 hands, and paid in wages 9,383,396 

 marks monthly; in January, 1883, they gave 

 employment to 206,150 laborers, an increase of 

 33-9 per cent., and paid in wages 14,754,350 

 marks monthly, an increase of 57'2 per cent. 

 The net earnings of the 107 joint-stock com- 

 panies were 5-16 per cent, in 1882, against 1 -99 

 per cent, in 1879. 



Navigation. The movement of shipping in 

 German ports in 1881 was as follows: 



* Including suburbs, 410,127. 

 t Including faubourgs, 164,697. 

 t With Linden, 145,^27. 



