440 



INDIA. 



the Governor-General consists of five ordinary 

 members and the commander-in- chief of the 

 military, appointed by the crown, who preside 

 over the departments of Foreign Affairs, Fi- 

 nance, the Interior, Military Administration, 

 and Public Works ; but their functions are 

 simply administrative. The governors of presi- 

 dencies and provinces are appointed by the 

 crown, the lieutenant-governors of provinces 

 by the Governor-General, subject to the ap- 

 proval of the Secretary of State for India. The 

 Governor-General in council has power to make 

 laws for all persons in the subject provinces, 

 and for British subjects in the protected native 

 states. The Secretary of State is assisted by a 

 council of fifteen members. 



The Governor - General is the Marquis of 

 Eipon, who succeeded Lord Lytton June 8, 

 1880. 



The Secretary of State for India is Earl Kim- 

 berley, previously Secretary of State for the 

 Colonies, who succeeded the Marquis of Hart- 

 ington on the transfer of the latter to the 

 Ministry of War, Dec. 16, 1882. 



Population. In 1881 the total population of 

 British India, including feudatory states, was 

 254,899,516. The British population of India, 

 exclusive of the army, was, in 1871, 64,061, of 

 whom 38,946 were males and 25,115 females. 

 In respect of occupation. 14,822 belonged to 

 the civil service and professional classes, 12,708 

 to the domestic, 7,993 to the commercial, 614 

 to the agricultural, 2,595 to the industrial, and 

 25,329 to the indefinite and non-productive 

 class. 



The occupations of the adult male population 

 were given in the census of 1881 as follow : 



Government officials 1,504,849 



Army and navy 31 1,STO 



Various professions 1,213,247 



Domestics 2,177,599 



Merchants and traders ^ 1,870,017 



Carriers, porters, etc 1,362,103 



Agriculturists and horticulturists , 51,274,586 



Persons engaged about animals 754,512 



Mechanics, artisans, miners, etc 64,968,741 



Other laborers 7,674,600 



Persons of rank and property 46,262 



Of no stated occupation ... 48,794,195 



Emigration. The emigration of coolies num- 

 bered 16,794 in the year ending March 31, 1881, 

 17,428 in 1880, 22,092 in 1879, 24,710 in 1878, 

 10,560 in 1877, 11,489 in 1876, 25,325 in 1875, 

 and 29,243 in 1874. Of the emigrants in 1881, 

 4,416 went to British Guiana, 4,176 to the Brit- 

 ish West Indies, 3,207 to the French West In- 

 dies, 2,373 to Natal, 1,076 to Reunion, 965 to 

 Surinam, and 581 to Mauritius. In 1881-''82, 

 though the demands for coolies were as great 

 as in the previous year, the emigration was 

 3,600 less. The majority of laborers shipped 

 from Calcutta came from the Northwest Prov- 

 inces and Oude, 57 per cent, from the former, 

 and 20 per cent, from the latter. There re- 

 turned during that year 3,160 emigrants, who 

 brought back on an average 20 each. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports 

 and exports, for the ten years 1873-'82, was as 

 follows for each year : 



The exports and imports of treasure, in- 

 cluded in the above, were of the following 

 values : 



The returns for the year ending March 31, 

 1883, show a volume of commerce exceeding 

 that of any former year. The total imports 

 were 65,552,100 in value ; the exports, 84.- 

 526,700. The imports of treasure amounted 

 to 12,400,000, of which 5,090,000 were gold 

 and 6,270,000 silver. 



Agriculture. The tea product of Bengal in 

 1881-'82 was 8.333,000 pounds, an increase of 

 2,000,000 pounds on that of the previous year. 

 The produce of cinchona-bark in that province 

 amounted to over 340,000 pounds, the greater 

 part of which is consumed in the country. 

 The quantity of manufactured febrifuge sold 

 was 10,000 pounds, against 8,650 pounds in 

 1880-'81. Besides the Bengal plantations there 

 are extensive areas planted to cinchona in the 

 Neilgherry Hills and in the Madras Presidency, 

 where the crop amounted to 250,000 pounds, 

 all of which was shipped to England. The 

 wheat product of Northern and Central India 

 was a few years ago insignificant, but it has 

 lately become one of the leading articles of ex- 

 port. The wheat exports in 1881-'82 were 

 166 per cent, greater than in the preceding 

 year. The harvest of 1882 was so abundant that, 

 for the lack of communication and an export 

 market, the ryots of Bengal and other parts of 

 India were unable to sell their produce, a state 

 of things which produced monetary distress 

 among the people and helped to embarrass the 

 finances of the Government. 



Railroads. The internal commerce of India 

 has been developed by the construction of sev- 

 eral great lines of railway, under the guaran- 

 tee of the Government. When in 1845 it was 

 found impossible to raise the capital to build 

 certain lines undertaken by two companies, it 

 was determined by the Indian Government to 

 guarantee to the railway companies, for a term 

 of 99 years, a rate of interest of 5 per cent. 

 Power was reserved by the Government to su- 



