ITALY. 



449 



Emigration. Emigration was small before 

 the establishment of the kingdom. In recent 

 years Italians emigrate in considerable num- 

 bers to all parts of Europe, America, and other 

 parts of the world, wherever there is a demand 

 for laborers on railroads or similar works. 

 They usually return with their savings to their 

 homes. The number of emigrants in 1869 was 

 23,040; in 1870, 81,500; in 1871, 100,170; in 

 1872, 115,272; in 1873, 80,716; in 1874, 51,- 

 200; in 1875, 26,872; in 1876, 108,807; in 

 1877,99,213; in 1878,96,268; in 1879, 119,- 

 831; in 1880, 119,901; in. 1881, 135,832; in 

 1882, 161,562. The number of Italians residing 

 abroad in 1871 was estimated to be about 476,- 

 403. The number in the United States at thut 

 time was estimated at 70,000. The number 

 who arrived in the United States in the year 

 ending June 30, 1882, was 32,159 ; in 1882-'83, 

 31,792. 



Commerce. The total values of imports and 

 experts, for each of the ten years ending with 

 1882, were as follow : 



5. 



77-] 



The imports of grain were 81-8, the exports 

 7*1 million francs in value ; the exports of 

 wine, 48 millions; imports of tobacco, 25*8 

 million francs; exports of fruits, seeds, etc., 

 61-9, imports 17'6 million francs; exports of 

 animals and animal food products, 114*2, im- 

 ports 75'9 million francs; imports of coal and 

 fuel, 64-4 millions; of metals, 83-2 millions; 

 exports of minerals and stones, 68'3 millions; 

 of hides, leather, etc., 15*9, imports 52-1 mill- 

 ions; exports of textile materials, 356-2, im- 

 ports 190-4 million francs; exports of pottery 

 and glass, 12'8, imports 9'5 million francs; 

 imports of metal manufactures, 13-9, of ma- 

 chinery,, etc., 41 '7 millions; imports of yarns, 

 54-5, exports 14*5 millioi francs; imports of 

 textile manufactures and articles of dress, 

 160-8, exports 23'9 million francs; exports of 

 jewelry and objects of art, 87'4 million francs ; 

 imports of drugs, dyes, and chemicals, 59'1, ex- 

 ports 47-6 millions; exports of oils, etc., 110-5 

 millions. 



Navigation. The total tonnage entered at 

 Italian ports in 1882 was 17,559,956, of which 

 12,419,375 tons were coasting-vessels. The 

 steam tonnage entered was 14,111,111 tons. 

 Of the 5,140,581 tons engaged in foreign com- 

 merce, 1,523,795 were under the Italian, and 

 3,616,785 under foreign flags; of the steam 

 tonnage, included in the above, 788,664 tons 

 were Italian, and 3,214,935 foreign; total 

 steam tonnage, 4,003,599. The tonnage of 

 VOL. xxin. 29 A 



vessels with cargoes entered was 4,127,551 

 cleared, 3,352,064 tons. 



The merchant marine numbered, in 1882 

 7,528 sailing-vessels, of 885,285 tons, against 

 7,639, of 895,359 tons, in 1881; and 192 steam- 

 ers, of 104,719 tons, against 176, of 93,698 tons 

 in 1881 ; total tonnage in 1882, 990,004 tons 

 in 1881, 989,057 tons. The number of regis^ 

 tered mariners in 1882 was 181,381. 



Railroads. The length of railroads in opera- 

 tion at the beginning of 1882 was 8,775 kilo- 

 metres. The receipts in 1881 amounted to 

 191,661,613 lire; the total cost of construction 

 on Dec. 31, 1881, was 2,678,284,808 lire. 



Post-Office. The number of letters and postal- 

 cards that passed through the post-office in 

 1881 was 168,878,086; of newspapers, etc., 

 154,562,446; of postal orders, 4,022,308, of 

 the aggregate amount of 503,695,138 lire. 

 The receipts were 29,787,318 lire; expenses, 

 25,980,398 lire. 



Telegraphs. The length of telegraph lines, at 

 the end of 1882, was 27,613 kilometres; of 

 wires, 93,799 kilometres. The number of dis- 

 patches was 6,454,942. The number of private 

 domestic dispatches was 5,190,909, against 5,- 

 015,005 in 1881 ; of private foreign dispatches, 

 521,180, against 517,599. The receipts were 

 12,423,102 lire; expenses for service, 7,974,- 

 932 lire; for maintenance, 186,765 lire; ex- 

 traordinary expenditure, 459,000 lire. 



The Army. From 65,000 to 75,000 young 

 men are levied annually into the standing 

 army. The rest, as they reach military age, 

 are enrolled in the reserve, and required to 

 drill forty days annually. The law of June 9, 

 1882, increased the war effective by 100,000 

 men. The standing army under that law is 

 organized into 96 regiments of infantry of the 

 line, 12 of bersaglieri, 6 of Alpine troops, 98 

 companies in 87 military districts; 22 regi- 

 ments of cavalry, with 5 depots; 12 regiments 

 of field-artillery of 10 batteries, 2 brigades of 

 horse-artillery of 2 batteries, 5 regiments of 

 fortress-artillery of 12 batteries; 2 brigades 

 of mountain-artillery; 4 regiments of engi- 

 neers, 2 of sappers and 2 of miners, 1 regiment 

 of pontoniers, and 1 regiment of railroad and 

 telegraph troops ; and 11 territorial legions of 

 carbineers, besides 1 regiment of instruction. 

 The war effective of the standing army is 

 maintained at 690,000 men; of the mobile 

 militia, 300,000 men ; of the territorial militia, 

 1,000,000 men. The total strength of the army, 

 as reported Sept. 30, 1882, was 1,985,619 men. 



Italy has adopted the French plan of training 

 the gendarmerie and customs guard in military 

 operations and organizing them for mobiliza- 

 tion with the army, so that in the event of war 

 their discipline and knowledge of arms can be 

 turned to account in the national defense. They 

 are schooled in the use of the Vetterli rifle, and 

 in case of mobilization will form in battalions. 



The Navy. The navy consisted on Jan. 1, 1882, 

 of 19 ironclads, 18 screw-steamers, 6 paddle- 

 wheel steamers, 17 transport-steamers^ and 12 



