556 



NETHERLANDS, THE. 



tinct. It is recruited exclusively by enlist- 

 ment among Europeans or natives. In 1882 

 the effective was 1,372 officers and 30,933 

 men, of which latter, 14,524 were Europeans 

 and the remainder natives. 



The navy in July, 1883, consisted of 23 iron- 

 clad vessels, 95 other steamers, and 20 sailing- 

 vessels. The largest ironclad, the Koning der 

 Nederlanden, has 8^-inch plates, and carries 

 four 35-ton guns. It has two turrets, as has the 

 Prince Hendnk, carrying four 12-ton guns, a 

 ram of great speed. There are four other ram- 

 bowed vessels ranked as first-class ironclads, 

 all with a single turret, besides the De Euyter, 

 a monitor ram with a battery of 14 guns in a 

 single turret. There are thirteen second-class 

 ironclads, slow monitors intended for coast- 

 defense, all built OD the same model, with 5 

 inches of armor and two 12-ton guns. In the 

 East Indies are a number of armed steam and 

 sail vessels in the maritime police service. 



Commerce. The total value of the special im- 

 ports in 1881 was 865,568,000 guilders, as com- 

 pared with 782,591,000 guilders in 1880; of 

 the exports, 647,975,000 guilders, as compared 

 with 582,684,000. Including the commerce 

 with the Dutch colonies, the total imports in 

 1881 amounted to 919,671,000 guilders; ex- 

 ports, 690,385,000 guilders. Ofthe imports in 



1881, 267,770,000 guilders came from Ger- 

 many, 244,325,000 from Great Britain, 111,- 

 087,000 from Belgium, 60,753,000 from the 

 United States, 53,022,000 from Java, 46,635,- 

 000 from Russia, 37,363,000 from British In- 

 dia, 20,942,000 from the German free ports, 

 and 20,104,000 from France. Of the exports, 

 291,114,000 guilders went to the German Zoll- 

 verein, 159,810,000 to Great Britain, 109,399,- 

 000 to Belgium, 42,092,000 to Java, and 16,- 

 360,000 to the United States. The imports of 

 cereals in 1879 amounted to 166,200,000 guild- 

 ers; exports, 108,800,000; imports of colonial 

 produce, 85,000,000 guilders; exports, 32,700,- 

 000; imports of coal, 35,100,000 guilders; im- 

 ports of metals, 108, 200, 000 guilders; exports, 

 66,900,000; imports of hides and leather, 25,- 

 800,000 guilders ; exports, 24,100,000 ; imports 

 of textile materials, 36,400,000 guilders; ex- 

 ports, 38,500,000 ; imports of yarns, 43,600,000 

 guilders ; exports, 26,300,000 ; imports of text- 

 ile fabrics, 34,700,000 guilders; exports, 21,- 

 100,000 ; imports of drugs, dyes, and chemicals, 

 66,900,000 guilders; exports, 54,100,000; im- 

 ports of oils, etc., 49, 700,000 guilders; exports, 

 31,900,000. 



The mercantile marine consisted on Jan. 1, 



1882, of 751 sailing-vessels, of an aggregate 

 capacity of 615,602 cubic metres, and 86 steam- 

 ers of 241,321 cubic metres. 



Railroads. The length of railroads in opera- 

 tion on Jan. 1, 1883, was 2,022 kilometres, 

 or 1,260 miles, of which 1,056 kilometres be- 

 longed to the state, and 966 kilometres to 

 private companies. The total earnings of the 

 private lines in 1880 were 17,167,424 francs ; 

 expenses, 11,858,353 francs. The total outlay 



on the Government lines up to June, 1881, 

 was 176,339,544 francs. 



Telegraphs. The length of telegraph lines on 

 Jan. 1, 1883, was 4,132 kilometres; length 

 of wires, 15,486 kilometres ; number of dis- 

 patches in 1882, 3,364,612, of which 2,009,297 

 were internal, 1,323,974 foreign, and 31,341 

 official. The receipts were 1,071,608 guilders; 

 ordinary expenditures, 1,477,015 guilders; ex- 

 traordinary, 102,395 guilders. 



Mails. The number of private letters sent 

 through the post-office in 1882 was 45,978,- 

 611 domestic, and 13,850,420 foreign ; postal- 

 cards, 18,723,366 ; total, 78,552,397. The num- 

 ber of newspapers was 42,300, 965. The receipts 

 amounted to 4,590,540 guilders ; expenses, 3 - 

 311,375 guilders. 



Colonies. The colonial possessions of the 

 Netherlands have an aggregate area of 659,- 

 126 square miles, and contain a total popula- 

 tion of 25,530,426. 



The immigrant and European population of 

 all the East India possessions, including that 

 of Java, was in 1880 as follows: Europeans, 

 41,676; Chinese, 343,793; Arabs, 16,025; 

 Hindoos and others, 9,119. The capital of the 

 Dutch East Indies is Batavia, which had in 

 1880 96,957 inhabitants. Samarang contained 

 68,551 ; and Soerabaya, 122,234. 



Java produces, for the benefit of the Nether- 

 lands, a large surplus revenue, after paying for 

 its own government. Most of it is obtained 

 by the sale of a vast amount of colonial prod- 

 uce, grown under the "culture system." 



The budget for 1883 gives these receipts: 



In Holland : Guilder.. 



Sales of coffee 84,840,908 



Sales of cinchona 145,085 



Salesuftin 5,422,826 



Eailroads 1,165,000 



Other receipts 715,531 



In the East Indies : 



Sales of coffee 8,164,700 



Opium ; 18,730,000 



Leases of public lands 18.652,000 



Customs 9,651,000 



Salt duty 7,080.500 



Posts and telegraphs 1,283,500 



Eailroads 8,150,000 



Other receipts 30,231,992 



Total. 



About one third of the annual expenditure 

 is for the army and navy, and one third for 

 the general administration, in Java and the 

 Netherlands. The expenditure is stated at 

 24,388,492 guilders in Holland, and 123,311,- 

 629 guilders in the East Indies, making a total 

 of 147,700,121 guilders, and showing a deficit 

 of 8,461,629 guilders. 



The exports of the Dutch East Indies in 

 1880 were of the total value of 178,954,000 

 guilders, of which 141,777,000 guilders were 

 exported by private individuals and 37,177,000 

 guilders by the Government. The total ex- 

 ports in 1879 amounted to 175,745,000 guilders. 

 The total imports in 1880 were 173,414,000 

 guilders, 157,474,000 on private and 15,940,000 

 on Government account, against the total of 

 154,652,000 guilders in 1879. 



