NEW BRUNSWICK. 



559 



)f the seven district judges chosen, the Re- 

 jlicans elected six and the Democrats one. 

 Le Legislature has 12 Democrats and 8 Re- 

 pblicans in the Senate, and 27 Republicans 

 al 13 Democrats in the House; Republican 

 jority on joint ballot, 10. 

 fEW BRUNSWICK, an eastern province of 

 Dominion of Canada. Area, 27,322 square 

 population in 1881, 321,233. Capital, 

 lericton. 



Towns. The towns of importance in New 

 mswick, and their population, are : St. John, 

 ,127 ; Portland, 15,226 ; Fredericton, 5,218 ; 

 hncton, 5,032 ; Chatham or Mirarnichi, 4,600 ; 

 iwcastle, 4,000 ; Carleton, 4,000. The chief 

 tvvn, St. John, at the mouth of St. John river, 

 iducts over two thirds of the entire trade of 

 >rovince. Portland is a suburb of St. John, 

 lericton, the capital of the province, is on 

 John river, 84 miles from the bay. Ves- 

 ascend far above Fredericton, steamers 

 ining as far as Woodstock, a small town in 

 rleton county, near the Maine border. Monc- 

 is the junction of the St. John branch of 

 Intercolonial Railway with the main line, 

 workshops, etc., of the railway are here, 

 is also a port on Petitcodiac river. 

 Soil. The valley of the St. John river, the 

 >res of Northumberland straits, and of the 

 ay of Fundy, are, on the whole, fertile and 

 well fitted for agriculture and grazing, 

 le northern districts are rocky and very thinly 

 )led. Agriculture is not conducted on even 

 ordinary scale, the product being little more 

 m enough for home consumption. 

 Climate. The climate of this province is very 

 lial along the shores of the Bay of Fundy 

 " the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but inland ex- 

 2mes of summer heat and of winter cold are 

 in experienced. The most northern point is 

 latitude 48, and the most southern about 

 titude 45. The waters of the Gulf Stream 

 oderate the climate of the southern part 

 >mewhat, and this modification is assisted by 

 continuous flow and ebb of the tides in the 

 These tides rise to very great heights in 

 'inlets or " guts " along the shores some- 

 les attaining the extreme of sixty-five feet. 

 Ports. The ports of New Brunswick are: 

 Ihousie, Bathurst, Cavagnet, and Shippegan, 

 jaged in the timber and fishing trade, on 

 i Bay of Chaleur; Chatham, Newcastle, 

 shibucto, Shediac, on the Gulf of St. Law- 

 ice and Northumberland straits. The first 



two are lumbering and ship-building towns, 

 the last two are packet-stations for Prince Ed- 

 ward Island, as well as ship-building and lum- 

 bering ports. Moncton and Hillsboro, on the 

 Petitcodiac ; Dorchester and Sackville on She- 

 pody and Cumberland bays, are ship-building, 

 lumbering, and coal stations. Campo Bello, St. 

 George, St. Andrews, and St. Stephens, on 

 Passamaquoddy Bay, are lumbering, ship-build- 

 ing, and general commerce stations, trading 

 largely with Calais, in Maine, on the boundary. 

 St. John has already been noticed. Frederic- 

 ton has a large river trade as well as the tim- 

 ber business. 



Industries. Lumber is the chief export and 

 source of wealth. The total of all exports 

 of New Brunswick products in 1882 was $6,- 

 599,881, of which $4,724,422 was lumber. 

 The fisheries rank next, the exports of New 

 Brunswick fish amounting to $753,251. This 

 is chiefly on account of dried and fresh her- 

 ring, and of lobsters. Including the two depart- 

 ments, agriculture and grazing, the farming ex- 

 ports amounted in 1882 to $578,420, nearly 

 all of which went to the United States. The 

 exports of manufactured articles for the year 

 in question amounted to $365,748. This sum 

 is made up chiefly of extract of hemlock- bark, 

 $129,812; ships, $101,840; grindstones, $30,- 

 433; wooden manufactures, $27,053 ; gypsum, 

 $10,430; and junk and oakum, $15,543. The 

 exported minerals amounted to $140,908. Of 

 this, $35,561 represents coal; $20,140, crude 

 gypsum ; $19,689, iron-ore ; $4,733, antimony- 

 ore, and $57,684, stone and marble. 



Education. The present system of free public 

 schools in New Brunswick exists under the 

 provisions of the Common-Schools Act of 1871, 

 and of several acts since passed by the provin- 

 cial Legislature. This enactment had for its 

 object "the establishment throughout the 

 entire province of a well-equipped system of 

 schools, in which the instruction should be open 

 to the children of poor and rich alike; the 

 quality of the instruction good enough for all ; 

 and the general character of the instruction 

 non-sectarian and national. 



Almost from the day New Brunswick be- 

 came a separate province (1784) the Legislature 

 had recognized the duty of fostering the work 

 of education, and the statute-book from time 

 to time gave evidence that the importance of 

 placing the means of instruction within reach 

 of every child was more and more clearly per- 

 ceived. The greatest step in advance, previous 

 to 1871, was made by the passage of the Par- 

 ish Schools Act of 1858. 



The administration of the school law and 

 regulations, and the general supervision of 

 the schools, are vested in the Chief Superin- 

 tendent, subject to the Board of Education, of 

 which he is a member. The Board^of Educa- 

 tion, which is the ultimate authority ,*under the 

 law, in all matters relating to public schools, 

 is composed of the Governor, the members of 

 the Executive Council, the President of the 



