NOVA SCOTIA. 



585 



burne, and Oanso. These places carry on a 

 considerable trade, both coasting and for- 

 eign. 



fisheries* The total export of the produce of 

 Nova Scotia in 1882 was $8,860,769, of which 

 $4,437,364 belongs to fisheries; $2,661,118 of 

 this is on account of dry salted codfish ; $32,- 

 854 of wet salted codfish ; $340,761 of pickled 

 mackerel; $296,761 of pickled herring; $816,- 

 612 of preserved lobsters. The United States 

 received $1,353,773 of the whole value ; Great 

 Britain, $635,437 ; British Guiana, $150,415 : 

 West Indies, $2,141,743. 



Lumbering. The exports of the forest 

 amounted to $1,587,947. Of this, $120,664 

 consists of fire-wood, shipped to the United 

 States; $22,744, hop and telegraph poles; 

 $745,517 of lumber, deals, etc. ; $495,262 of 

 planks, boards, etc. ; $20,584 of masts and 

 spars; $21,427 of shingles; $28,827 of railway- 

 ties; $42,316 of birch square timber, etc. 



Farming. The export product of grazing 

 reached the sum of $836,052 ; of agriculture, 

 $830,804 a total of $1,666,856. Of this, 

 $127,382 is fruits exported to England ; $590,- 

 447 is potatoes, nearly all to the United States ; 

 $15,612 is oats, etc. 



Mining. The mining products of Nova Sco- 

 tia consist chiefly of coal, gypsum, manganese, 

 and marble. The coal exports were $328,498 

 for 196,905 tons; manganese-ore, $17,796; 

 crude gypsum, $106,356; marble, $16,253. 



Manufactures. These amount to only $487,- 

 503, and are chiefly : leather, $153,542 ; ships, 

 $63,171; grindstones, $14,793; junk and oak- 

 um, $14,285 ; boots and shoes, $24,476. 



Education. The essential features of the sys- 

 tem of public education in Nova Scotia were 

 incorporated in the provincial statutes in 1865. 

 Under the provisions of the " Act relating to 

 Public Instruction," the supreme control of the 

 schools is vested in the Executive Council, 

 which, when dealing with educational matters, 

 is known in law as the Council of Public In- 

 struction. The Superintendent of Education, 

 who is appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor, 

 is chief administrative officer. 



The local management of the schools is in- 

 trusted to a board of three trustees in each 

 section. The trustees are elected in annual 

 meeting by the rate-payers of the section. 

 They have power to employ and dismiss teach- 

 ers, and are a body corporate for the prosecu- 

 tion and defense of all actions relating to the 

 school or its affairs. 



The law provides for the establishment in 

 each county town of a superior institution, 

 under the designation of County Academy. 

 Practically this name denotes the most ad- 

 vanced, or high school, department of the 



town schools. The regulations require that 

 this department shall be open, free of charge, 

 to all youth of the county who are able to pass 

 a specified entrance examination. A county 

 academy receives from the Legislature a maxi- 

 mum grant of $600 annually. 



The Provincial Normal School occupies mag- 

 nificent premises at Truro, almost the exact 

 geographical center of the province. Con- 

 nected with the normal school are excellent 

 model schools. The average attendance of 

 pupil-teachers is about 120. 



Regulations of the Council of Public Instruc- 

 tion provide for the organization of a Provin- 

 cial Educational Association and of Teachers' 

 Associations in the various inspectoral districts. 

 The Department of Education issues serni-an- 

 nually a "Journal of Education," which is the 

 medium of all official notices emanating from 

 the Council of Public Instruction. 



The report of the Superintendent of Educa- 

 tion for 1882 shows the attendance during that 

 year to have been as follows: Winter term, 

 76,888; summer term, 81,119. The total 

 number of pupils registered during the year 

 was 95,912. The number of teachers em- 

 ployed during the winter term was 1,890. The 

 total expenditure on public schools for the 

 year was $571,389.64. 



In 1883 the Legislature passed " an act to 

 secure better attendance at the public schools," 

 which embodies the principle of compulsory 

 education. It has a local-option clause. The 

 province possesses excellent institutions for the 

 training of deaf-mutes and the blind. 



The collegiate or university s\ stem of Nova 

 Scotia is chiefly denominational. There are five 

 institutions that confer degrees. The oldest of 

 these, under the control of the Church of Eng- 

 land, is the University of King's College at 

 Windsor, founded in 1788, and granted a royal 

 charter by George III in 1802. Dalhousie 

 College, Halifax, is a quasi-provincial institu- 

 tion. Its resources have received large addi- 

 tions during the past few years. It was origi- 

 nally founded in 1828 by the Earl of Dal- 

 housie, but its true history as a university 

 dates from 1862, when it received from the 

 Legislature its present constitution. Acadia 

 College, Wolfville, is under the management of 

 the Baptist denomination. It was founded in 

 1844. St. Francis Xavier College, Antigonish, 

 and St. Mary's College, Halifax, are Roman 

 Catholic. For many years the question of 

 grants to denominational colleges provoked 

 much controversy, excited much bitter feeling, 

 and had an important bearing in some cases 

 on the fate of governments and parties. In 

 1881 it was decisively settled by the with- 

 drawal of grants from all the colleges. 



