602 



OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



patriotic manner, and his patriotism soon took 

 on an ethnological character. The French he 

 conceived to have inherited from the Druidical 

 Celts qualities making them superior to other 

 races, and his " History of France " was com- 

 posed in this spirit. The conscientious earnest- 

 ness of his political convictions, and his blame- 

 less and dignified character, won a degree of 

 respect from the people of Paris that was paid 

 to few of his contemporaries. He attempted 

 to rescue the republican constitution at the 

 time of Napoleon's coup d'etat, but under the 

 empire he was not molested. He was chosen 

 Senator on the establishment of the third re- 

 public. His historical writings are numerous. 

 Marx, Karl, a German socialist, died in Lon- 

 don, March 15, 1883. He was born at Trier, 

 May 2, 1818. His father was a lawyer. He 

 studied law and philosophy at Bonn and 

 Berlin, and was about to become a tutor at 

 Bonn, when a chance acquaintance led him to 

 enter the office of the radical "Rhenish Ga- 

 zette," the direction of which he assumed in 

 1842. A year later the paper was suppressed. 

 Marx went first to Paris to study the French 

 political economists, and directed his attention 

 at the same time to Hegel's philosophy of juris- 

 prudence, on which he published a critique in 

 1844 in the " Franco-German Year-Book," ed- 

 ited by him and Arnold Ruge. Expelled from 

 France, he settled at Brussels, where he pub- 

 lished, in 1847, the first of his writings on eco- 

 nomical questions, a polemic entitled " Misere 

 de la philosophic," in answer to Proudhon's 

 " Philosophic de la misere." In the same year, 

 in conjunction with his Rhenish countryman, 

 Friedrich Engels, who had studied for years 

 the economical conditions of England, he set 

 on foot the first and most famous of socialist 

 congresses in London, at which the "Manifesto 

 of the Communistic Party" was published. 

 For this he was expelled from Belgium,, and at 

 the outbreak of the revolution returned to 

 Cologne, where he edited in association with 

 Engels, Freiligrath, Hermann Becker, Albert 

 Wollf. later of the "Figaro," who furnished 

 feuilletons, Ferdinand Lassalle, and others 

 the "New Rhenish Gazette." His acquaint- 

 ance with Lassalle bore important fruits in 

 the Social -Democratic movement in Germany, 

 and the present social projects of the German 

 Government. The journal called upon the 

 people to. refuse to pay taxes after the coun- 

 ter-revolution, and for this it was suppressed. 

 Marx then fled to England, and devoted him- 

 self to the study of the conditions of labor in 

 the line of research initiated by Engels. The 

 effect of Marx's contributions to the science of 

 political economy was marred by his revolu- 

 tionary schemes to carry his theories into prac- 

 tice. In 1864 a socialist meeting was held in 

 St. James's Hall, in London, at which social- 

 ism was declared to be communistic and inter- 

 national. A committee was appointed to draw 

 up a plan of organization. In the committee 

 Marx was the principal person. He drew up 



the statutes which were adopted at the Social- 

 ist Congress at Geneva in 1866 as those of the 

 International Society, of which Marx remained, 

 under the title of secretary, the head and ac- 

 knowledged leader until 1872. A defection 

 of the English members resulted in the victory 

 of the Federalists, who advocated the organi- 

 zation of the labor movement on national lines. 

 Marx consequently ceased his agitation. His 

 principal work was "Capital" (18G7), pre- 

 ceded by a " Critique on Political Economy " 

 (1859). A second part of his great work, deal- 

 ing with the distribution of wealth, while the 

 first treated of production, was left in manu- 

 script. Marx assailed the English school of 

 political economy with great dialectical power, 

 but in a polemical tone, which concealed the 

 extent to which he assimilated the ideas of 

 Adam Smith and the older writers. His wife 

 was a sister of Minister von Westphalen, of 

 the Prussian reactionary Cabinet headed by 

 Manteuffel. 



Hloffat, Robert, a Scottish missionary, died 

 August 10, 1883. He was born at Inverkeith- 

 ing in 1795, and was a gardener, but was 

 sent to South Africa in 1816 by the Lon- 

 don Missionary Society. Soon after obtaining 

 the reluctant permission of the Governor to 

 undertake his Christianizing labors, he made a 

 convert of Africaner, chief of the Namaquas, 

 the scourge of the border. Proceeding far- 

 ther, he took up his abode among the Bechua- 

 nas. This nation he slowly educated in reli- 

 gion and civilized arts. Visiting England in 

 1842, he persuaded Livingstone, who afterward 

 married his daughter, Mary Moffat, to return 

 with him and share his work. Moffat contin- 

 ued his labors at Kuruman, and extended his 

 teachings among the distant Matabele and Ma- 

 kololo until his final return in 1870. He was 

 occupied a large part of his life with the diffi- 

 cult task of translating the New Testament 

 into the Bechuana language. 



Mtesa, Emperor of Uganda, died in the sum- 

 mer of 1883. He was a despot, who consoli- 

 dated a powerful kingdom around Lakes Vic- 

 toria and Albert. He received the emissaries 

 of the Khedive and the Christian missionaries, 

 Catholic and Protestant, with deceptive com- 

 placency, and held out hopes of his conversion 

 to Islam or to Christianity. Although a mon- 

 ster of cruelty, he impressed European visit- 

 ors, especially Henry M. Stanley, with his in- 

 telligence and courtesy. He was particularly 

 covetous of arms and gunpowder, and obtained 

 many presents from travelers. His principal 

 subjects sought to have their daughters taken 

 into the royal harem, which numbered 7,000 

 women. Mtesa was possessed with the delu- 

 sion that he was the greatest monarch in the 

 world, and was ambitious to extend his power. 

 Over his subjects he exercised a boundless tyr- 

 anny. He was sprung from the Wahuna chiefs 

 who obtained possession of the country at an 

 early date. Pie was not, however, of pure 

 race, but had a considerable admixture of negro 



